Financial Information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Financial Information - Essay Example There are many evaluation methods followed and the most relevant of them are the evaluation based on the Economic Value Added (EVA) which is Net Operating Profit Minus Adjusted Taxes reduced by (Invested Capital*Cost of Capital). This method takes into account the opportunity costs of capital. EVA too suffers from the drawbacks as from accounting. Another theory, Shareholder value theory suggests that through the interests of the stake holders, the shareholder value can be reaped. This is for ensuring return satisfaction to all the interested parties in the long run. The stakeholder theory aims at a collective interest of all stakeholders or sees the realization of their goals as the ultimate objective. Double value creation system is also followed where a company increases its customer value through its operations as well as creates its shareholder value through the sale of its produce. Thus, it could be noted that the company value could be increased only if both the shareholders and stakeholders interest are considered simultaneously while doing the performance evaluation. Present Value of Abnormal Earnings (PVAE), which will b... Present Value of Abnormal Earnings (PVAE), which will be available with the Present Value of Expected Dividends (PVED) and Abnormal Earnings based on Capital Employed, states the value in efficient markets as: MVE = CSE + PVAE This results in the distortions or disparity between the MVE and the CSE (market value and book value) and the conditions for this are (i) Economic rents (unbiased accounting) (ii) Accounting distortions (Perfectly competitive equilibrium) Thus, the information bearing upon the performance evaluation of a company helps in explaining the reason for the difference between the market value and the book value. Ideally, it could be inferred that the most important things to be considered in value creation processes are: - The Performance evaluation should be able to provide information for proper decision-making and ensure feedback. - The kind and nature of the information collected and the source from which the information is collected for valuations are therefore significant. The source, its nature, the methods used for valuation, the coherency, the adaptability with the strategic objectives etc serve as crucial indicators. Discuss the relevance of financial information in the context of the valuation of internet stocks. The main characteristics of internet stocks are that they are younger, fast-growing, riskier and larger when compared to the non-internet stocks. Nevertheless, the capital requirements of internet companies are very high. They need capital to establish the technological architecture, create a pool of customer base, and also have to spend a major portion on the sides of Research and Development, Marketing etc. On contrary, the

Professional goals Essay Example for Free

Professional goals Essay Career or profession is a term used to refer to a person’s course or advancement in life. Career involves remunerative work as well as formal education. It also involves consecutive circumstances that make up an individual’s work life and involve commitment to a field of knowledge and skills like human resource management. Some of the career activities that an individual may engage in include; sporting career, musical career, teaching, wrestling career, doctor, nurse, engineering, editor, business manager, accounting, journalist, lawyer e. . c. This essay however involves a discussion on accounting career. Most jobs in accounting career require at least degree in bachelor of accounting or a bachelor’s degree in any other interrelated field. In federal government, beginners in accounting and auditing places necessitate at least four years of college education including twenty four semester hours in accounting and auditing or a corresponding arrangement of education and knowledge (Angus 387). There is however an added advantage for people seeking jobs in accounting career and have acquired a masters degree in accounting or degree of masters in business administration with awareness in accounting, professional recognition through certification or licensure, propensity in accounting and auditing computer software and specialized expertise in accounting. The reason for selecting accounting as my career is that the jobs found in the accounting career are enjoyable, interesting and entertaining to perform. The work may be much and tiring but does not involve boredom as it involves doing interesting activities such as calculating financial statements. It is enjoyable doing accounting activities being my dream career. The pace of work of an accountant depends on the position and responsibilities one has to perform. Generally the work standard for several accountants and auditors is forty hours per week, nevertheless an accountant or an auditor may work for more hours especially if he or she is self employed or if there are many clients. In this situation the pace of work must be very fast. Persons who work within the accounting career have a very good starting salary. For example in most cases the top ten percent of accountants and auditors do earn from 76000 US dollars and above, the middle half of the occupation earn between 29000 and 49000 US dollars while those who are at the bottom earns between 15000 and 23000 US dollars. The directors in the accounting career on the other hand earn between 56000 and 91000 US dollars. There is however a slight difference in the salary ranges between the accountants in urban areas and those in rural areas. Generally the salary for people in the accounting career ranges from 15000 to 91000 US dollars depending on the nature of your work (Eisenbeis Robert 879). The most identifiable challenge faced in this profession is that the accounting career now requires the accountants to perform more technical tasks including implementing, controlling and auditing computer systems and networks as well as developing a business’s technology plans. In addition, accountants take the role of personal advisors i. e. besides giving customers accounting and tax help, they also assist them come up with their personal budgets, handle their assets and investments, plan for retirement and identify and reduce the clients disclosure to risks. Another problem experienced in this profession is that it at times involves a lot of work that at times an accountant is forced to transfer some work to do at home. This however may easily dealt with since it involved only time adjustment and some program change. Accountants usually carry on many activities other than just preparing financial statements and recording business transactions. The additional responsibilities for an accountant include calculating computing costs, calculating efficiency gains for new technologies, participating in the setup for achievements and unions and developing it systems to trail financial performance, tax policy and employee benefit management. As a management accountant working in a big company my responsibilities included having a say in decisions concerning capital budgeting and business analysis. The major activities that I had to engage in included analyzing costs and contracts, participating in efforts to reduce expenses, contributing to major business decisions and working together with marketing and financial managers to establish new businesses (Luck Christopher 78). In management accounting there are several decisions to be made that are major to the business operations. The most difficult decisions to make in this case were those relating to capital budgeting. The management accountant finds it difficult to make decisions on purchases, payments and the amount of capital to be allocated for any expenditure that has to be made. When first considering the accounting career, I thought it was just about gaining a qualification and becoming an accountant. It is true however that one can acquire a degree in accounting and become a general accountant, but this remains only one of the alternatives that an individual may follow in his or her pursuit of accounting career. Other than pursuing a degree in bachelor of accounting, there are several other specialist areas one may pursue. Some of the specialist areas are information systems, computer operations, taxation, and management policy. My strength in this career is that I got a full qualification from my bachelor’s degree in accounting with an added advantage of having professional recognition through certification and licensure, proficiency in accounting and auditing computer software and a specialized expertise in accounting. In addition I had the work experience which I had acquired during summers when I was pursuing my degree. My weakness in this career is that accountants are now required to take the role of personal advisors to clients which I am not very comfortable with. Conclusion Accounting is indeed a very fulfilling and accomplishing career. It is a career that anybody interested in achieving may enjoy undertaking. Even though, the entry in the accounting career requires high academic qualification, it is also well paying which and therefore gives enough satisfaction.

Daewoo Group and Financial Business Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing C

Daewoo Group and Financial Business Problem Definition Daewoo group started as a small textile company and in just 20 years developed into second largest Korean chaebol ( family owned conglomerate). It had over 250000 employers worldwide, over 30 domestic companies and 300 overseas subsidiaries, generating sales of more than 100 billion dollars annually. However, in 1999 it seemed that the ‘golden days’ of Daewoo were over as it was faced with over 50 billion dollars dept and had to decide to sell some of its business to carry on. Can Daewoo really survive and if yes, how? The roots of Daewoo’s crisis are in: a) Korean Economic System’s Structure, Chaebols and Asian Crisis b) Daewoo corporate structure, Kim Woo-Choong and his policies The main problem is that Korean economic system is ready for change and already changing, so does the government and its policies. However, the chaebols such as Daewoo are living in the past and find it difficult to adapt to changes. The question is whether there is any place in a changing Korea for chaebols at all or they will be soon replaced by smaller but more efficient companies? Problem Justification Korean Economic System, Chaebols and Asian crisis: South Korea’s mad rush economic growth was initiated by late dictator Park Chung-hee in the early 1970. Park saw export growth as the key for economic growth. He provided cheap loans and tax benefits to nurture Daewoo and other Korean business into conglomerates that mass produced for export markets( http://detnews.com/2001/ autos). Most of Chaebols were family owned and all of this families were connected to the government which would give them lots of support and get their loyalty. As a trouble would appear ,as in example of Daewoo problem in the 1980s when Daewoo shipbuilding made losses that threaten the collapse of the whole group, the government stepped in to save conglomerate and to provide emergency loans, chaebols could always count on the government to help. So they would continue to borrow money from government owned banks. The bank were forced to continue borrowing money to â€Å"Korean Losers† and never got paid back. It continued ... ...he best solution would be the government to come up with the plan of restructuring Daewoo ( force it to sell off most of its businesses and concentrate on the key once) and for Daewoo to accept the plan as soon as possible. Also government should push on the chaebols to restructure ( mainly to cut off their size and concentrate on the most important businesses) because there is no place for old-style conglomerates in changing Korea, if they stay the same they will face the same problem as Daewoo did and will also badly affect future economic development of Korea. Korean government did come up with the plan of restructuring Daewoo in cutting down its size by selling off its businesses, as an example selling Daewoo Motors to General Motors and etc., giving independence to some of its big divisions such as shipbuilding. But this plan came too late and Daewoo did not implement it until it really got bankrupt. There is not Daewoo group any more. Most of it was sold and what is left is now called Daewoo International and has its main businesses in International Trade, Information, Project Organising, Research Development and some other ( www.daewoo international.com).

Half-Life of M&Ms Essay

Introduction Half-life is the time required for something to fall to half its initial value. The half-life of a radioactive element is the time it takes for half of its atoms to decay into something else. M&Ms were chosen because they all have the same m mark on the on one side. In this lab you will go through predicting and counting the number of remaining â€Å"mark-side up† candies that should help understand that rates of decay of unstable nuclei and how it can be measured; that the exact time that a certain nucleus will decay cannot be predicted; and that it takes a very large number of nuclei to find the rate of decay. Purpose To stimulate the transformation of a radioactive isotope with M&Ms over time and to graph the data and relate it to radioactive decay and half-lives. Materials and Safety Materials * 200 pieces of M&Ms (trademark only) * Shoe Box * Pen/Pencil * Paper Towel Safety- No safety precautions needed Procedure 1. Count out 200 M&Ms. Place all 200 candies in the shoe box with the letter facing up 2. Cover the box and shake it vigorously for 3 sec. This is 1 time interval. 3. Remove the lid and take out any atoms (candies) that have â€Å"decayed†, that is, that are now showing lettered sides down. Record on the data table the numbers of decayed and remaining atoms. 4. Replace the cover on the box, and shake for another 3-sec time interval. Record the number of â€Å"radioactive’ atoms remaining. 5. Keep repeating time interval trials until all atoms have decayed or you have reached 30 sec on the data table 6. Repeat the whole experiment a second time, and record all data. 7. Average the number of atoms left at each time interval from both trial. Make a graph of your data showing the average number of atoms remaining versus time Conclusion: 1. After how many time intervals (shakes) did one-half life of your atoms (candies) decay? Trial 1- 1 interval Trial 2- 1 interval 2. What is the half-life of your candies? 3 secs 3. If the half-life model decayed perfectly, how many atoms would be left after 12 sec? 12.5 4. If you increased the amount of atoms (candies), would the overall shape of the graph be altered? Maybe, the amount of M&Ms that are flipped over after shaking is always a gamble and you never know what you’re going to get Graph of the average number of atoms remaining versus time. Conclusion 8. After one shake, which is one time interval, almost half ouf our atoms decayed. 9. The half life of the cadies is three seconds. 10. If this experiment had been conducted perfectly, 12.5 atoms would be left. 11. No, overall the shape wouldn’t change it would may become a slight rounder or steeper but the dominate shape of the line would not change 12. The experiment did not work perfectly. The percentages came pretty close to 50%. Some were way off, but for the most part they were close to 50%. From 3 to 12 secs was the closet to 50% than the other time intervals. From 18 to 30 secs the percentage started to steer father from 50%. I believe this happened because the less amount of candies or atoms the less chance the atoms will decay.

Personal Learning And Thinking Skills Education Essay

The challenge of capturing Black Marias and heads when sing the hereafter or when prosecuting in statistical analysis is best tackled through duologue so that students can see and joint their thought and instructors can tap in to their logical thinking. With this in head, possibly a better start point might be:‘In this country it may rain tomorrow or it may non, and yet the chance that it will rain tomorrow is by and large non 50 % – discuss and explicate your believing with grounds. ‘The outlook that pupils back up the value they choose for a chance with grounds gives them the chance to uncover their apprehension. This sort of concluding with grounds demands to be modelled through critical duologue between the instructor and the students. One manner to assist students develop the accomplishments of logical thinking and account is to work more often on the mental facets of managing informations including chance. Explicit links can be made between the managing informations rhythm and the manner we work with chance. There are utile analogues with the rhythm both in illustrations where we use an experiment to happen the estimation for a chance or where we solve a job utilizing theoretical chances. In add-on instructors need to be after for treatments which compare theoretical and experimental methods: their rightness, drawbacks and advantages in peculiar fortunes. It is clear that accomplishment in utilizing fractions, decimals and per centums as portion of a chance computation demand to be considered as a precursor to undertaking chance jobs. In the chief, nevertheless, advancement in chance depends mostly on understanding thoughts, instead than geting farther accomplishments. Finally, as chance is an rating of what might go on in future, it is of import to carefully take linguistic communication so that the event described is placed in the hereafter. For illustration, ‘What is the chance that I will hit 7 on two dies? ‘ makes more sense to pupils than, ‘What is the chance that I scored 7 when I rolled two die? ‘Key ProceduresRepresenting: If students can stand for informations as portion of a statistical question so they are better positioned to go responsible citizens who can choose and sift information thoughtfully and utilize mathematics with assurance to inform decision-making. Representation is a major focal poin t of Probability, of import in binding together the determinations students make at the different phases. In a statistical question, stand foring is portion of about all elements of the managing informations rhythm. It involves: Proposing a job to see utilizing Probability methods, bordering inquiries and raising speculations Deciding what informations are relevant and identifying primary or secondary beginnings Planing ways of capturing the required informations, including understating beginnings of prejudice Making representations of the informations, including the usage of ICT, for illustration, tabular matter, grouping, arrays, diagrams and graphs.Analysing:Mathematical logical thinking is required at all phases of happening the chance of an event When stipulating and planning by working logically, placing restraints and sing available techniques ; besides by researching speculations and utilizing cognition of related jobs When roll uping informations by working consistently, researching the effects of changing values in state of affairss where there is random or systematic fluctuation when processing and stand foring informations, doing connexions within mathematics and placing forms and relationships, and doing usage of feedback from different audiences when construing and discoursing consequences, explicating and warranting illations drawn from the informations, recognizing the restrictions of any restraints or premises made ; utilizing feedback to reevaluate initial speculations and adjust facets of the managing informations rhythm. Using appropriate processs involves pull stringsing informations into suited signifiers for accurate representation, computation and communicating. This will affect supervising the truth of methods and solutions. Appropriate processs in a Probability question are: utilizing systematic methods for roll uping informations from primary and secondary beginnings. To build tabular array, diagrams, etc to show informations in an organized signifier. Calculating experimental and theoretical chances. Interpreting and measuring: Interpretation and measuring consequences is cardinal to any statistical and chance question. It includes: construing chances when measuring the likeliness of a peculiar result comparing distributions and doing illations looking at informations to happen forms and exclusions sing the effects of alterations to the informations ( e.g. taking outliers, adding points, doing relative alterations ) appreciating why the readings placed on informations have a grade of uncertainness and can be misdirecting Appreciating converting statements, but cognizing that these do non represent cogent evidence. Communicating and reflecting: Effective communicating and contemplation is of peculiar relevancy in statistics. It includes: fixing a brief study of a Probability question, utilizing tabular arraies, tree diagrams, etc to summarize informations and support readings and illations drawn from the informations utilizing precise linguistic communication to summarize cardinal characteristics pertinent to the speculations raised showing support for decisions in a scope of convincing signifiers showing a balanced decision where consequences are non converting Sing alternate attacks if consequences do non supply sufficient groundsRange and content:All my four chapters begin with usage of an empty figure line, and develop the construct of puting events on a graduated table along this line. I would wish to observe that there is a wholly separate, but no less interesting, narrative environing the advantages of utilizing a figure line to assist pupils form cardinal apprehension of graduated table and an thought of topographic point. In old ages 7 and 8 there is an accent on the linguistic communication of chance ( as mentioned earlier ) , and evidently there is a differing degree of complexness to the inquiries covered in each book, but basically we see a go oning metaphor and consistent type of inquiry. The basic paradigms of picking cards from a battalion and rolled die are used in all three books, and we see a gradual displacement towards jobs with more than one variable. Until twelvemonth 9 there is accent on the fact that a chance graduat ed table runs from 0 to 1, and work continues on use of simple fractions, whilst the twelvemonth 9 book assumes such cognition and moves into sing comparative frequence therefore associating back to discernible statistics. This seems critical to me, as we need to promote the inquiring of, and trying to understand, consequences, and I would possibly hold liked it to hold been included earlier. Finally, in old ages 8 and 9 students are expected to do usage of sample infinite diagrams, therefore supplying another graphical word picture of the chances of given results. Give students a choice of statements on cards and inquire them to sequence on a chance continuum such as this Sequencing events harmonizing to their chance can reenforce the utility of the chance line every bit good as stimulating treatment about the comparative opportunity of different events. The chance of acquiring at least one six when two dies are thrown The chance of acquiring a multiple of 3 when one die is thrown The chance of acquiring a tail and two caputs when three coins are flippedImpossible Unlikely Likely Certain0 1 The undertaking gives pattern in measuring an consciousness of the results which are possible in each context. Students may take to cipher or may wish to exemplify some of the results. Either will assist to warrant their ranking of the events relative to one another. We are sometimes expected to appreciate the opportunity of one event relation to the opportunity of another, rather different event, for illustration, ‘You are more likely to decease traversing the route thanaˆÂ ¦ ‘ Matching Associating different fortunes to a given chance is an activity based around the figure and coloring material of otherwise indistinguishable counters in a bag. This engages students in working out the possible figure and scope of colors of counters in a bag given a certain chance such as those shown below. Initially the work is in braces traveling to larger groups to portion thought. P ( Red ) = A? P ( Red ) = 1/2 and P ( Blue ) = A? P ( Red ) = 1/2 and P ( Blue ) = 1/4 P ( Blue ) = P ( Green ) P ( Blue ) = P ( Red ) and P ( Green ) = 1/2 P ( Red or Green ) = 2/5 P ( Yellow ) = 1/2 and there are 6 ruddy counters P ( Red ) = 3/7 and P ( Green ) = 1/3 P ( Green ) = 1/4 and there are at least 8 xanthous counters Together students should seek to happen as many ways as they can of reacting to the undertaking, discoursing consequences as a whole category with students taking on a critical function to spot similarities and differences between the solutions and to infer the of import characteristics of the counters in the bag in order to fulfill the given chance. In other words, the joint thought gives them the chance to generalize the solutions. To simplify the undertaking, the figure of possible colorss could be limited. To widen it, see giving the chance of an event non happening, for illustration P ( non Red ) = A? P ( Pink ) = 1/5 and there are 4 different colorss Which chair: trees to grouping subdivisions. This is a simple scenario which produces some unexpected consequences and so promotes farther believing about ciphering combinations of results. One student sits on the in-between chair of a row of seven: an indifferent coin is flipped a caput means move one chair to the left a tail means move one chair to the right. Repeat the procedure twice more. Pupils work in braces to reply the inquiry: How many of the chairs is it possible to complete on after the three somersaults of the coin? A ‘tree diagram ‘ could be used to construct on the motion and visual image to place all possible sets of motion. It is interesting to discourse with students how the two signifiers of diagram both illustrate different facets of the job ; see Resource sheet: Which chair? on page 67. The ability to happen and enter all possible results for consecutive events or a combination of two or more experiments is indispensable if students are to understand, happen and utilize chances or estimations for chances in more complex state of affairssUsing a chance factTwo bags A and B contain indistinguishable coloured regular hexahedrons. Each bag has the same figure of regular hexahedrons in it. An experiment consists of taking one regular hexahedron from the bag. The chance of taking a ruddy regular hexahedron from bag A is 0.5. The chance of taking a ruddy regular hexahedron from bag B is 0.2. All the regular hexahedrons are put in an empty new bag. What is the chance of taking a ruddy regular hexahedron out of the new bag? Students should separately compose down a ‘gut ‘ response and so compare their replies in little groups. The usage of specific illustrations to reply the above will be utile but students need to portion these and be encouraged to generalize. What happens if the chance of picking a ruddy regular hexahedron is the same for both bags? What happens if you change the chance of picking a ruddy regular hexahedron from each bag? What happens if you change the figure of ruddy regular hexahedrons in one bag? In both bags? All phases of this job demand that pupils place the facts environing a state of affairs. It has the possible to uncover misconceptions around chances of related events and offers the chance to generalize an result where the intuitive response is frequently wrong.Personal Learning and Thinking Skills ( PLTS ) :The Leading in larning programme has been developed as portion of the National Strategies Secondary support for whole-school betterment. My strategy of work is intentionally structured so that students look beyond capable confines to believing and larning more by and large. There is a focal point on specific believing abilities and to promote systematic development of believing accomplishments and transportation of larning across topics and to other facets of students ‘ lives. A cardinal apprehension of chance makes it likely to understand everything from bowling norms in cricket to the conditions study or your opportunities of being affected by snow! Probability is a important country in mathematics because the chance of Particular events go oning or non go oning can be critical to us in the existent universe. Today the Probability theory used to do intelligent determinations in economic sciences, Management, Operation Research, Sociology, Psychology, Astronomy, Physics, Engineering, and Genetics where hazards and uncertainness are involved to pull a decision about the likeliness of events or values. Here are given some illustrations of chance: – What are the opportunities that England Cricket squad will win the series? A A What is the Probability that it will rain tomorrow? What is the chance about stableness in Gas monetary values in following month? Planing for inclusion: Show how your strategy of work programs for inclusionvitamin E ) AppraisalWith Increased attending being paid to the consequences of national trial and external scrutiny statistics being published to measure the public presentation of schools, the possible value of appraisal for student is frequently overlooked. All excessively frequently assessment is seen as an impersonal, formal procedure which is done to students. Their advancement is measured, attributed a class or mark, and this is so reported to others the appraisal procedure appears to hold small value for the pupils themselves. However, if appraisal is to heighten larning so its formative intents must be emphasized. The students need to appreciate how the appraisal may lend to their acquisition and go involved in moving on the information which the appraisal has provided. My chief concern in measuring my students ‘ acquisition was the advancement of my efficaciousness in learning the subject. My appraisal, hence, needed to be effectual and consistent with the outlooks of student acquisition. Therefore Is have chosen formative appraisal as this would better kids ‘s acquisition. â€Å" The alone characteristic of formative appraisal is that the assessment information is used by both teacher and students to amend their work in order to do it more efficient. There is small point in roll uping information unless it can be acted upon, and since assessment information is certain to uncover heterogeneousness in the acquisition demands of a category, the action needed must include some signifier of differentiated instruction. † ( Professor Paul Black, 1995 ) My formative appraisal of my students ‘ advancement would include: Appraisal of descriptions and accounts given by students in both unwritten and written work. The medium for this appraisal would include mental maths, inquiries in category, category exercisings, prep and Plenary. Homework was set every Friday and collected in on Monday. As Tanner and Jones reference â€Å" Teachers appraisal of pupils work is basically an on-going and informal activity dwelling of inquiring inquiries, detecting activities or measuring advancement. For such appraisal to be formative there must be feedback into the learning procedure. † Therefore all the prep books were marked and given feedback on: A class, harmonizing to schools prep marker policy A general remark ( e.g. ‘untidy work ‘ ) An direction ( e.g. , ‘show your workings ‘ ) A specific marks which indicates what needs to be done following in order to better ( e.g. , ‘revise your 8x tabular array ‘ ; ) Correction of mistakes ( e.g. , in computation, spelling, method ) 2. Appraisals of single ‘s public presentation in pair/group work or whole category activities or treatment. This would be assessed harmonizing to: a ) Shared communicating which reflects student ‘s assurance with chance B ) Understanding of the job which reflects on the degree of the work ( utilizing traffic light signal ) degree Celsius ) Working on undertaking – which may be subjective by the propensity of my activities vitamin D ) Communication – utilizing linguistic communication of chance vitamin E ) Attitudes – which may be influenced by the context of the job The model for my formative appraisal was based on appraisal schemes adopted by the APU. I had considered merely those schemes which I thought would reassign easy into the schoolroom for naming or measuring the accomplishment of single students.

Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor Poorer, Robert Reich Essays

Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor Poorer, Robert Reich Essays Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor Poorer, Robert Reich Paper Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor Poorer, Robert Reich Paper Why Do The Rich Become Richer and The Poor Poorer? In this world, there are two types of people are living: Poor and rich. Country, company, organization and individual are attempting to be rich than other. We may observe the lifestyle of our society, country or person or friend. We attain differ each other because of money or wealth. Today , every person are talking about own or others wealth. More books such as one by Robert Reich are written and printed or digitiged about this topic. Robert Reichs perspective Robert Reich in his work â€Å"Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer† discusses the issues surrounding the rich becoming more affluent and the poor languishing in poverty hence the reason why the economy continues to worsen. According to the author, what people do in the world depicts the positions they will partake. He uses three examples to explain this situation. These are routine producers, in-person servers and symbolic analysts. He describes routine producers as those who work in the manufacturing industries and these people are poor because they are not members of any unions, they are paid very low wages and they are constantly replaced by technological machines. Robert Reich uses the examples of rising and falling of boats due to tides to explain the differences that exist between the rich and the poor.Companies and education play a big role in the increasing gap between the rich and the poor. In contemporary America, those who are educated continue to prosper while those who lack basic education are disadvantaged when it comes to employment opportunities. Companies are opting to employ workers from over seas because it is cheaper to pay them. The in-person servers’ boat is also sinking because their position is threatened by the routine producers. In-person servers are those who are in the personal service industry. Routine producers who cannot find employment are increasingly becoming in-person servers and this poses a threat to the availability of employment opportunities for in-person servers.These routine producers include immigrants and school dropouts. Moreover, the reasons why routine producers join the in-person server world are technological advancements and lack of working benefits. In addition, the symbolic analysts continue to become wealthy because their clients are wealthy. Their business includes selling valuable information to their clients especially about money matters. The writer concludes that the economy of the country does not depend solely on its citizens but on the whole world. Robert Reich denotes that routine producers will soon be faced out of the employment industry. This is given by the fact that more companies are embracing technology in production therefore buying machinery instead of using labor. In addition, these companies are establishing themselves in developing countries where they will pay workers less than the minimum wage. This is strategy used by the rich to maintain and increase their wealth within and without America. Given by these two factors, routine workers in America remain unemployed and poor and as a result, the gap between the rich and the poor will continue to widen. My thoughts on why the rich are getting richer and the poor poorer In my opinion, there is a reason why â€Å"the rich become richer and the poor become poorer†. It’s not because of a disparity or unfairness in society, and it’s not just luck. It’s not limited government, and it’s not more government. There is really only one reason that rich people tend to increase their wealth and poor people don’t. It’s because successful people take advantage of a principle (whether they know it or not) that eludes the â€Å"unsuccessful†.

Atomic Radius Definition and Trend

Atomic Radius Definition and Trend Atomic radius is a term used to describe the size of an atom, however, there is no standard definition for this value. An atomic radius may refer to the ionic radius, covalent radius, metallic radius, or van der Waals radius. Atomic Radius Periodic Table Trends No matter what criteria you use to describe the atomic radius, the size of an atom is dependent on how far out its electrons extend. The atomic radius of an element tends to increase the further down you go in an element group. Thats because the  electrons become more tightly packed as you move across the periodic table, so while there are more electrons for elements of increasing atomic number, the atomic radius may decrease. The atomic radius moving down an element period  or column tends to increase because an additional electron shell is added for each new row. In general, the largest atoms are at the bottom lefthand side of the periodic table. Atomic Radius Versus Ionic Radius The atomic and ionic radius is the same for atoms of neutral elements, such as argon, krypton, and neon. However, many atoms of elements are more stable as atomic ions. If the atom loses its outermost electron, it becomes a cation or positively charged ion. Examples include K and Na. Some atoms might lose multiple outer electrons, such as Ca2. When electrons are removed from an atom, it might lose its outermost electron shell, making the ionic radius smaller than the atomic radius. In contrast, some atoms are more stable if they gain one or more electrons, forming an anion or negatively charged atomic ion. Examples include Cl- and F-. Because another electron shell isnt added, the size difference between the atomic radius and ionic radius of an anion isnt as much as for a cation. The anion ionic radius is the same as or slightly larger than the atomic radius. Overall, the trend for the ionic radius is the same as for the atomic radius: increasing in size moving across and decreasing moving down the periodic table. However, its tricky to measure the ionic radius, not least because charged atomic ions repel each other. Measuring Atomic Radius You cant put atoms under a normal microscope and measure their size- although you can kind of do it using an atomic force microscope. Also, atoms dont sit still for examination; they are constantly in motion. Thus, any measure of atomic (or ionic) radius is an estimate that contains a large margin of error. The atomic radius is measured based on the distance between the nuclei of two atoms that are barely touching each other, which means the electron shells of the two atoms are just touching each other. This diameter between the atoms is divided by two to give the radius. Its important, however, that the two atoms dont share a chemical bond (e.g., O2, H2) because the bond implies an overlap of the electron shells or a shared outer shell. The atomic radii of atoms cited in the literature are usually empirical data taken from crystals. For newer elements, the atomic radii are theoretical or calculated values, based on the probable size of the electron shells. How Big Are Atoms? A picometer is 1-trillionth of a meter. The atomic radius of the hydrogen atom is about 53 picometers.The atomic radius of an iron atom is about 156 picometers.The largest measured atom is cesium, which has a radius of about 298 picometers.

Events Leading to the Scramble for Africa

Events Leading to the Scramble for Africa The Scramble for Africa (1880–1900) was a period of rapid colonization of the African continent by European powers. But it wouldnt have happened except for the particular economic, social, and military evolution Europe was going through. Europeans in Africa up to the 1880s By the beginning of the 1880s, only a small part of Africa was under European rule, and that area was largely restricted to the coast and a short distance inland along major rivers such as the Niger and the Congo. Britain had Freetown in Sierra Leone, forts along the coast of The Gambia, a presence at Lagos, the Gold Coast protectorate, and a fairly major set of colonies in Southern Africa (Cape Colony, Natal, and the Transvaal which it had annexed in 1877).Southern Africa also had the independent Boer Oranje-Vrystaat (Orange Free State).France had settlements at Dakar and St Louis in Senegal and had penetrated a fair distance up the river Senegal, the Assinie, and Grand Bassam regions of Cote dIvoire, a protectorate over the coastal region of Dahomey (now Benin), and had begun colonization of Algeria as early as 1830.Portugal had long-established bases in Angola (first arriving in 1482, and subsequently retaking the port of Luanda from the Dutch in 1648) and Mozambique (first arriving in 1498 and creating trading posts by 1505).Spain had small enclaves in northwest Africa at Ceuta and Melilla (frica Septentrional Espaà ±ola or Spanish North Africa).The Ottoman Turks controlled Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia (the strength of Ottoman rule varied greatly). Causes of the Scramble for Africa There were several factors that created the impetus for the Scramble for Africa, and most of these were to do with events in Europe rather than in Africa. End of the Slave Trade:  Britain had had some success in halting the slave trade around the shores of Africa, but inland the story was different. Muslim traders from north of the Sahara and on the East Coast still traded inland, and many local chiefs were reluctant to give up the use of slaves. Reports of slaving trips and markets were brought back to Europe by various explorers such as David Livingstone, and abolitionists in Britain and Europe were calling for more to be done.Exploration:  During the 19th century, barely a year went by without a European expedition into Africa. The boom in exploration was triggered to a great extent by the creation of the African Association by wealthy Englishmen in 1788, who wanted someone to find the fabled city of Timbuktu and chart the course of the Niger River. As the 19th century wore on, the goal of the European explorer changed, and rather than traveling out of pure curiosity they began to record details of markets, goods, and resources for the wealthy philanthropists who financed their trips. Henry Morton Stanley:  This naturalized American (born in Wales) was the explorer most closely connected to the start of the Scramble for Africa. Stanley had crossed the continent and located the missing Livingstone, but he is more infamously known for his explorations on behalf of King Leopold II of Belgium. Leopold hired Stanley to obtain treaties with local chieftains along the course of the River Congo with an eye on creating his own colony. Belgium was not in a financial position to fund a colony at that time. Stanleys work triggered a rush of European explorers such as the German journalist Carl Peters to do the same for various European countries.Capitalism:  The end of European trading in slaves left a need for commerce between Europe and Africa. Capitalists may have seen the light over slavery, but they still wanted to exploit the continent. New legitimate trade would be encouraged. Explorers located vast reserves of raw materials, plotted the course of trade routes, nav igated rivers, and identified population centers that could serve as markets for manufactured goods from Europe. It was a time of plantations and cash crops, when the regions workforce was put to work to producing rubber, coffee, sugar, palm oil, timber, etc for Europe. And the benefits were more enticing if a colony could be set up, which gave the European nation a monopoly. Steam Engines and Iron Hulled Boats:  In 1840, the  first British ocean-going iron warship called Nemesis  arrived at Macao, south China. It changed the face of international relations between Europe and the rest of the world. The  Nemesis  had a shallow draft (five feet), a hull of iron, and two powerful steam engines. It could navigate the non-tidal sections of rivers, allowing inland access, and it was heavily armed. Livingstone used a steamer to travel up the Zambezi River in 1858 and had the parts transported overland to Lake Nyassa. Steamers also allowed Henry Morton Stanley and Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza to explore the Congo.Quinine and Medical Advances:  Africa, especially the western regions, was known as the White Mans Grave because of the danger of two diseases: malaria and yellow fever. During the 18th century, only one in 10 Europeans sent out to the continent by the Royal African Company survived. Six of the 10 died in their first year. In 1817, French scien tists Pierre-Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimà © Caventou extracted quinine from the bark of the South American cinchona tree. It proved to be the solution to malaria; Europeans could now survive the  ravages of the disease  in Africa. Unfortunately,  yellow fever  continued to be a problem, and even today there is no specific treatment for the disease. Politics:  After the creation of a unified Germany (1871) and Italy (a longer process, but its capital relocated to Rome in 1871) there was no room left in Europe for expansion. Britain, France, and Germany were in an intricate political dance, trying to maintain their dominance, and an overseas empire would secure it. France, which had lost two provinces to Germany in 1870, looked to Africa to gain more territory. Britain looked toward Egypt and the control of the Suez Canal as well as pursuing territory in gold-rich southern Africa. Germany, under the expert management of  Chancellor Bismarck, had come late to the idea of overseas colonies but was now fully convinced of their worth. All that was needed was some mechanism to be put in place to stop overt conflict over the coming land grab.Military Innovation: At the beginning of the 19th century, Europe was only marginally ahead of Africa in terms of available weapons, as traders had long supplied them to local chiefs and many h ad stockpiles of guns and gunpowder. But two innovations gave Europe a massive advantage. In the late 1860s, percussion caps were being incorporated into cartridges. What previously came as a separate bullet, powder, and wadding was now a single entity, easily transported and relatively weatherproof. The second innovation was the breech-loading rifle. Older model muskets, held by most Africans, were front loaders, which were slow to use (maximum of three rounds per minute) and had to be loaded while standing. Breech-loading guns, in comparison, could be fired between two to four times faster and could be loaded even in a prone position. Europeans, with an eye to colonization and conquest, restricted the sale of the new weaponry to Africa maintaining military superiority. The Mad Rush Into Africa in the Early 1880s Within just 20 years, the political face of Africa had changed, with only Liberia (a colony run by ex-African-American slaves) and Ethiopia remaining free of European control. The start of the 1880s saw a rapid increase in European nations claiming territory in Africa: In 1880, the region to the north of the river Congo became a French protectorate following a treaty between the King of the Bateke, Makoko, and the explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza.In 1881, Tunisia became a French protectorate and the Transvaal regained its independence.In 1882, Britain occupied Egypt (France pulled out of joint occupation), and Italy began colonization of Eritrea.In 1884, British and French Somaliland were created.In 1884,  German South West Africa, Cameroon, German East Africa, and Togo were created and Rà ­o de Oro claimed by Spain. Europeans Set the Rules for Dividing up the Continent The  Berlin Conference of 1884–1885  (and the resultant  General Act of the Conference at Berlin) laid down ground rules for the further partitioning of Africa. Navigation on the Niger and Congo rivers was to be free to all, and to declare a protectorate over a region the European colonizer must show effective occupancy and develop a sphere of influence. The floodgates of European colonization had opened. Sources and Further Reading Bryceson, Deborah Fahy. The Scramble in Africa: Reorienting Rural Livelihoods. World Development 30.5 (2002): 725–39.Chamberlain, Muriel Evelyn. The Scramble for Africa, 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2010.Michalopoulos, Stelios, and Elias Papaioannou. The Long-Run Effects of the Scramble for Africa. American Economic Review 106.7 (2016): 1802–48.Pakenham, Thomas. The Scramble For Africa. Little, Brown: 2015.

Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman - Essay Example This paper shall look at these concepts through the symbols and characters that are a part of this play. Willy Loman is one of the most important characters of this play. The protagonist, his death in a sense, is the subject of the play and his characterization is an important aspect of the change that Miller seeks to effect in the genre of the tragedy. The character manages to evoke what Miller himself feels is the results that a tragedy should produce in an audience: â€Å"I think the tragic feeling is evoked in us when we are in the presence of a character who is ready to lay down his life, if need be, to secure one thing – his sense of personal dignity† (Miller â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man†). Loman’s dreams for Biff are a means for him to live the dream that he was incapable of living himself. Biff is, thus, sought to be turned into a reflection by Willy so that the Great American Dream is lived. This is the means through which Loman seeks to creat e a dignified existence. This is undercut in the play itself through the revelation of his adultery which makes the audience aware of how he is not an extraordinary man in any sense. It also exposes the hollowness of the institution of the family which is thought of as sacrosanct by the middle classes. This hypocrisy of ordinary life, common to people of different levels in life, is what Miller seeks to portray in his play. One of the important symbols in the play is a diamond. When Ben, Willy’s brother, says, â€Å"A diamond is hard and rough to the touch† (Miller, Death of a Salesman 107), it reveals the importance that Willy attributed to monetary success. His suicide is then turned into a decision that he takes for the sake of his family. It is unpleasant; however, it has to be done for the well-being of his family. Here too, ethics and morals take a backseat as monetary concerns are given precedence. The American Dream is, thus, for Miller, one that is bereft of any moral concerns and hence, one that adopts a ruthless stance towards anyone who has not been able to achieve it. Fate, too, is something that a diamond symbolizes in the play whereby it shows how there is no concrete reason as to why Loman’s life turns out the way it does. There is, thus, a certain kind of inversion of Aristotle’s rules of tragedy while certain others are kept intact (Martin 146–7). â €Å"Nothing’s planted. I don’t have a thing in the ground† (Miller, Death of a Salesman 96). This line reveals Loman’s interest in leaving his mark on earth before he leaves it. It is a sign of how he wishes to transcend his mortality. It is also a pointer of how it is through his next generation in Biff that he seeks to achieve what he could not. His immense interest in seeds and growing vegetables for much of the play can be seen to be a reflection of his desire to root himself metaphorically in the earth. This is precisely what he attempts to do through his suicide. He feels that it would further Biff’s dreams, which are, in fact, his own. Another symbol that is of great significance is the stockings that are owned by Linda, Willy’s wife. The presence of the stockings of another woman is what makes Biff aware of his father’s adultery. The stockings are, thus, a symbol of adultery and Willy’s obsession with the pairs of stock ings that are owned by Linda is another instance of his hypocrisy. He seems to be compensating for the mistakes

Have you been influenced by your family history or culture, or the Essay

Have you been influenced by your family history or culture, or the family environment you grew up in You might consider who you are as an individual, what va - Essay Example With so many people sharing a planet and so many different characteristics, ideologies, concepts, opinions, dreams, aspirations and life styles, the world should be a happy melting pot of culture and celebrated differences. Sadly, this is not the case at all. I dream of living in a world, or even a community where qualities such as acceptance, love, kindness and understanding are the centrifugal emotions and attitudes. I hope to one day see a world that is almost void of racism, war, hatred, prejudice, greed, violence and unkindness. I feel strongly that if we all made an effort to celebrate the things which make us different, we would have a much easier time forming long and lasting friendships and partnerships with others. This would ultimately lead to a peaceful and symbiotic coexistence for everyone on the planet. I feel that I am an extremely ambitious individual and capable of a myriad of tasks at once. I fell strongly that I am best suited to be an entrepreneur, and a self made one at that. I am dedicated to my education, as well as to hard work and studying in order to surpass the expectations and ideologies of my parents and grandparents before me. I look forward to building my own company from the ground up and watching it flourish through all of my hard work and dedication. I hope that in some small way, I can create a sense of happiness and acceptance among the people that I meet and work with in such a way that a spirit of kindness and individuality will seep into the lives of everyone I know and then everyone that those individuals know and so on. I am grateful for my heritage and for the most part, proud of it. I have seen racism and conflicts between ethnic groups in my life which saddens me. I believe these events have made me a stronger person as well as one who is aware of the horrors of a racist attitude. Just as an attitude of racism infects those

Information Management, Knowledge Management and Organizations Essay

Information Management, Knowledge Management and Organizations - Essay Example However, as Blaise Pascal said," We must learn our limits. We are all something, but none of us are everything." Therefore integrating the knowledge base of the entire length and breadth of the organization and the ability to utilize this collective knowledge and make it available becomes important. Knowledge management is a relatively newer concept and has been received with as much enthusiasm as well as skepticism. However, its awareness has been continually increasing. Knowledge management is the complete system of finding knowledge or creating it, storing it and using it appropriately. Although Knowledge Management is often associated with the information and technology industry, it undeniably exists in all kinds of jobs and all occupations. Argyris (1977) defines organizational learning as the process of "detection and correction of errors." In his view, organizations learn through individuals acting as agents for them: "The individuals' learning activities, in turn, are facilitated or inhibited by an ecological system of factors that may be called an organizational learning system" (p. 117). ... A learning organization needs to address a number of issues in order that it meets its targets. It addition to working with its employees as a team as well as individuals, it also needs to behave a complete management buy-in and commitment to the process. This is emphasized in the Knowledge management forum by Thomas Brextel as "Knowledge management is the management of the organization towards the continuous renewal of the organizational knowledge base - this means e.g. creation of supportive organizational structures, facilitation of organizational members, putting IT-instruments with emphasis on teamwork and diffusion of knowledge (as e.g. groupware) into place." Organizational knowledge is the sum of all the knowledge accumulated gradually over time by all its employees, collected and shared. This also means that it depends on personal knowledge as well as inclination to share that knowledge with others. "Characteristics of the work or problem situation determine the ways that information is used and assessed to be helpful (or otherwise)." (Knowing Organization, Chun Wee Choo) This is especially true that when employees are singled out for promotions and incentives based on their knowledge, the urge to share it with others becomes lesser. To counter this management should promote an environment where the employees who share tips that prove to be beneficial to organization are recognized and rewarded. In an article in CIO.com, the author also expresses a similar view that, "Linking KM directly to job performance, creating a safe climate for people to share ideas and recognizing people who contribute to the KM effort (especially those people w hose

Counsel Retainment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Counsel Retainment - Essay Example The following is the criteria that a firm should have for the fulfillment of the needs of the company for a general counsel. Such a firm should have significant experience in high dollar manufacturing and product liability. Due to the many laws and regulations in the aviation industry, the firm should have experience and expertise in cases and litigation involving aviation and be thoroughly familiar with FAA regulations. Additionally, international experience in the same areas is critical. These criteria have been chosen due to the high sensitivity of the contract. The company has been awarded a $50,000,000.00 subcontract to produce landing gear components for the next generation of commercial aircraft. This contract is very important to the company and, therefore, must get the best law firm to review the contract. It is also because the company has neither had an in-house counsel, nor been involved in litigation and, thus, has never retained outside counsel. It is important the best counsel be retained for the review of the contract. Following the research and recommendation of outside law firms, the fol lowing was documented as the recommendation: The firm seems to have all our requirements. The firm has an extensive list of awards and recognition including high honors for superior client service among law firms serving Fortune 1000 companies by BTI Client Service 30, 2015; and ranking in U.S News Media Group and Best Lawyers ‘Best Law Firms’ 2015. Additionally, 164 of the firm’s lawyers were recognized in the oldest lawyer-rating publications â€Å"Best Lawyers in America 2015†. A large majority of the firm’s aviation experience has been in product liability representation and counseling. They have provided product liability counseling to companies such as Boeing, Quest Aircraft, McDonnel Douglas Corporation and Garmin, and have represented clients manufacturing clients in cases involving airline

Operational Risk management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Operational Risk management - Essay Example For chemical agents, hazard is distinct by biologic activity possible - cell obliteration, change or metabolic interference (Teneyuca, D, 2001, pp. 54-59). Exposure is the quantity of the substance available for uptake into the life form. For a physical agent, the danger is defined by the scale of the agent's aptitude to release or broadcast energy to the life form. Exposure is the incidence to which the life form is exposed to the manager. Become a documented business advisor to management by thinking deliberately. Focus on how EHS initiatives and savings contribute to better employee physical condition and safety, and at the similar occasion, add to business procedure improvements, client satisfaction, and productivity, manufactured goods quality, commerce growth and, in the end, enhanced financial presentation. In this piece of writing, we desire to focus on the part of a plan that eliminates operational risk. Operational risk and improved security performance are two sides of the similar coin. Risk, risk receipt and risk management are issues decision-making management can appreciate because it is akin to commerce risk, which they contract with routinely. Business risk is a multiplicative association flanked by the value of assets and the exposure of those assets to business and monetary markets. Risk Assessment and Management According to the expert analysis Wharton (1992) concludes that risk appraisal is the articulation of risks in terms of their probability and seriousness. Risks should be concentrating on from the create of a project, at theoretical stages and then watched intimately as scheme go on. Insight in to early project factors probable to threaten project success determination help project mangers and other stakeholders to better forecast the probability of their projects achievement (Proccaccino, 2002). Many organisations approximately the world enumerate risks of new IT infrastructures based on risk organization techniques quite that just happening on a scheme. This is due to the disaster cause by IT failures in the past (Yourdon, E and Constantine, L, 2005). A typical instance would be the London Ambulance armed forces effort to mechanize ambulances at dangerous periods around London, which misshapen when brought online, no risk appraisal or unforeseen event was developed to run and resol ve risks. Poor supplies are involved in most scheme failures (Verner, 2002). The requirements require to be addressed by risk assessment and organization techniques. Risk organization, the process of commerce with the recognized and assessed risks (Wharton 1992). Risk organization techniques and methodologies can be put into practice inside organisations to battle risks at the early stage of the lifecycle, for instance at the start and assortment stages, risk analysis identifies risks and then at the assessment stages of IT project, risks organization can be criticised and better for the prospect. Proactive and Reactive Approaches to Risk Management Risk assessment and danger evaluation at the start stages can take shape in two dissimilar ways. Firstly risks can be recognized by the organization in a reactive way, this is at what time risks are merely combated

Counsel Retainment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Counsel Retainment - Essay Example The following is the criteria that a firm should have for the fulfillment of the needs of the company for a general counsel. Such a firm should have significant experience in high dollar manufacturing and product liability. Due to the many laws and regulations in the aviation industry, the firm should have experience and expertise in cases and litigation involving aviation and be thoroughly familiar with FAA regulations. Additionally, international experience in the same areas is critical. These criteria have been chosen due to the high sensitivity of the contract. The company has been awarded a $50,000,000.00 subcontract to produce landing gear components for the next generation of commercial aircraft. This contract is very important to the company and, therefore, must get the best law firm to review the contract. It is also because the company has neither had an in-house counsel, nor been involved in litigation and, thus, has never retained outside counsel. It is important the best counsel be retained for the review of the contract. Following the research and recommendation of outside law firms, the fol lowing was documented as the recommendation: The firm seems to have all our requirements. The firm has an extensive list of awards and recognition including high honors for superior client service among law firms serving Fortune 1000 companies by BTI Client Service 30, 2015; and ranking in U.S News Media Group and Best Lawyers ‘Best Law Firms’ 2015. Additionally, 164 of the firm’s lawyers were recognized in the oldest lawyer-rating publications â€Å"Best Lawyers in America 2015†. A large majority of the firm’s aviation experience has been in product liability representation and counseling. They have provided product liability counseling to companies such as Boeing, Quest Aircraft, McDonnel Douglas Corporation and Garmin, and have represented clients manufacturing clients in cases involving airline

Chelsea Training Facility Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chelsea Training Facility - Assignment Example In addition to these, the club's first team comprising of 27 players will also be playing here. Currently they practice in Harlington on all days except when they have a match. This has to be transferred to the new site once created, to Hazelwood. Chelsea football club proposes to convert the existing golf course in Hazelwood borough into a football training academy. The academy will be the training ground for the 27 first team players in the Chelsea club. In addition to these players, the academy will embark on training youth and children from the neighbourhood schools to build them up into professional footballers. The Chelsea Football Academy will have 12 senior and grass sided grass pitches with one floodlit pitch, one all weather floodlit pitch, ancillary training areas, parking place and required landscaping. An L shaped building will also be created out of the existing one. This will provide seating for 150 spectators on the top floor and also provide for quarters for two staff in the roof space. The first team, comprising of team players aged over 21 years will be using the pitches for their continuous training. There will be a reserve team of 12 players who are in the 19 and 21 years age group. The Academy will also train a youth team comprising of youth in the ages between 17 and 19 years. ... There will also be Saturday morning training in addition to week day training in the evenings on Tuesday and Thursday. This will number to approximately 120 boys. Once Hazelwood training starts, wards undergoing training in Harlington alone will be transferred to Hazelwood for training. On Sunday mornings, there are regular U9 to U16 matches. These are currently conducted at Cobham and this would continue even after starting training at Hazelwood. There are also the Ladies teams having about 60 senior players and 50 junior players. They train generally in the Feltham Community College and in the Raynes Park High School. Matches are normally played at the Sycob Football Club in Beaconsfield. At the time of making this proposal, the Ladies teams do not have any plans of using the Hazelwood club grounds for this purpose. Factors for the Proposal The following points are observed in favour of the proposal during the analysis of the document: 1. Chelsea FC needs an academy to train and continuously build professional footballers for it. This is line with the Football Association and Football League joint statement issued, reinforcing the idea of creating academies for every professional and Football league club. 2. The Football Academies would be special development centres that will have the best of the facilities and would have to meet very high standards in terms of facilities for both players and well as staff. The centres should be capable of producing students who are not just have technical capability but would be an all round professional. The academies shall have the best coaches and the support of other professionals, viz., physiotherapists, doctors and teachers. 3. These academies shall cater to the

A Definition of the Word Trust Essay Example for Free

A Definition of the Word Trust Essay When you think of a very special quality everyone should have, trust is the first thing that comes to my mind. Being able to trust someone is very important. We have to trust people in our lives every single day. Trust helps us to have relationships and friendships. Trust is defined as believing in someone in the dictionary. Although this seems simple, it is not that easy to understand and comprehend. Trust has a deep meaning as we continue to grow and change in life. We go through many things that make us change as we live, grow, and experience different challenges. Trust is believing in someone with your whole heart and believing that he or she will take care of it or appreciate it. There are so many types of trust. Three type of trust are: trusting in a family member, trusting in someone special, and trusting in friends. With our family members, we have deep trust. They have been through everything with us and most of deep dark secrets. They have been there for us during the good times and the bad. They watched us go through elementary, middle and high school. Your family has been there to watch you mature and become the person you are today. We have deep trust with them because they took care of us when we were sick or needed someone to cry on. Since we tell them everything, we are the most attached to them. They know when we are acting strange or weird and can tell when we are sad or ecstatic. They share all kinds of memories with us and understand what and where we have been. We let family know almost everything about us. We go back to them when we have nowhere else to go. We trust them with our lives because we know no matter what, that they will always love and care for us. Another kind of trust is trust in someone special or someone that we think is our true love. See more:Â  First Poem for You Essay We tell them everything about us because we believe that they really care. We tell him or her things that we keep to ourselves because we believe that he or she has committed to us. It takes a lot of time to have this kind of trust in a relationship. It takes a lot of time to confide our secrets and personal issues in someone else. When you have such a deep trust with him or her, there should be no secrets. There are no secrets when you truly love each other. This kind of trust is just part of the commitment to each other. In this commitment, you trust each other to be faithful, respectful and to always be there for each other. Another type of trust is the trust between friends. We let our friends know about some of our secrets. We keep the deep dark ones away from them. We also try to hide our past and do not trust them right away because we have had friends in the past betray and hurt us numerous times. We do not trust them right away because we do not know about their life or their past. We do not know where they come from or what they believe makes a good friend. So we as humans hide our feelings and do not trust them. It is only when we spend a lot of time and slowly open up to each other that we become closer and can eventually trust them. Trust cannot be given. It has to be earned. It is not as simple as believing. Trust is earned. When you earn trust, you realize that you can tell him or her anything and they will still be there for you. Trust is not easy to earn though. You have to really believe in the other person and know that they will not let you down. Therefore, trust is very important to humans everywhere. Trust is a huge factor of unity and without it people cannot live in unity. Only you can fully understand trust in your own way. Trust is having a special place in their heart and you having special place for them. Finally, trust is the base for all relationships and friendships. Without trust, we cannot find the true meaning of life. Trust is a must for everything in life.

Command and Conquer: Generals Unit Tactics: GLA Unit Strategies

Command and Conquer: Generals Unit Tactics: GLA Unit Strategies Command and Conquer: Generals Unit Tactics: GLA Unit Strategies: The GLA or Global Liberation Army is known for its resourcefulness and shrewd tactics. Some of the armored vehicles including technicals and marauders have the ability to scavenge destroyed enemy vehicle and upgrade their firepower. One of the key important units to look out for is the scud launcher, bomb truck and the terrorist infantry unit. The truck can be very deceptive and can inflict serious damage on enemy structures. Learn more about GLA units and the strategies required to use them in this Command and Conquer: Generals tactics guide. Rebel: The rebel is the basic infantry unit of the GLA. It has the ability to capture buildings, which can be researched at the barracks. There are several additional abilities that can be upgraded. You can increase the damage by 25 percent if you research AP bullets at the black market. Whats more, you can also use their stealth ability against enemy infantry. All you have to do is research the camouflage upgrade at the Palace to have this ability. With the help of stealth, the GLA rebel units can ambush enemy units, particularly in areas that are left undefended. With stealth, you can use them to capture buildings and oil derricks silently. RPG Trooper: The RPG trooper is very handy unit against both land and air units, but can get killed by the Chinese Gatling tanks, American Humvees and infantry units. Use 5-6 units to destroy armored vehicles and aircraft easily. You can also put them inside GLA Technicals to inflict maximum damage. Just like the rebels, the RPG troopers fire power can be increased by 25 percent if upgraded to AP rockets at the black market. Terrorists: These are very dangerous when used against enemy tanks and missile launchers, but can easily fall prey to Gatling tanks, Humvees, pathfinders or foot infantry. Always disperse them and then detonate enemy units, do not use them in packs. In most skirmish maps, you will find vacant black-colored cars. Garrison them inside to create car bombs and drive inside enemy buildings and units to inflict maximum damage. But, remember that they can also cause damage to nearby GLA structures and units, so use them wisely. These are very resourceful and are the one of the best Command and Conquer Generals tactics for the GLA faction. Angry Mob: Angry mob are generally a group of specially created units that can cause maximum damage. They are generally created in groups. They can be unlocked after building the Palace. They have the most unique weapons including stones, Molotov cocktails and can be upgraded with firearms after researching arm the mob at the palace. While they are not the best of command and conquer: generals tactics to employ against USA pathfinders, Humvees and Chinese Gatling tanks, they can cause serious damage to tanks and enemy structures. Use at least 4-5 upgraded mobs against enemy buildings and vehicles. They can also be a great option for defending key GLA structures. Jarmen Kell: This unit is the perfect answer to USAs Colonel Burton. He has the abilities of the sniper and can denote buildings through his remote controlled bomb. You can use him to snipe infantry units as well as vehicle drivers and later steal them. But, his weakness is the slow reload time of his sniper rifle. You can easily eliminate Jarmen Kell with the help of your anti-stealth units. But, beware, he can hide inside buildings and take out all your infantry units. To make things difficult, the building does not change to the GLA team color, but once you locate him, you can force him to evacuate by throwing flash bang grenades. Hijacker: Hijackers are one of the most expensive units of the GLA faction, but can be tactically employed to inflict the maximum damage. They are mainly used to steal assault and general enemy vehicles. You can use them to capture enemy vehicles with the first level veteran status. You can also hijack enemy dozers, build their structures and units and create havoc on them with their own structures. to unlock the hijacker, you will have to build, palace, barracks and sped three general points. Quite a hard work to create this unique unit! GLA Armored Vehicles: Technical: Playing as GLA ensures you have excellent Command and Conquer: Generals tactics and strategies up on your sleeves. Most GLA vehicles are very resourceful. The technical is the best example of a cheap, resourceful yet destructive GLA vehicle. It can serve as an excellent vehicle transport for infantry, terrorists and hijackers. Put some of them inside and drop them on the enemy zone make your fight easier. A good example of its resourcefulness is its ability to upgrade its firepower by stealing scrap of destroyed enemy vehicles. Just run over the scraps of two destroyed vehicles and see its firepower change from machine gun to missile attacks. Scorpion: The scorpion may be the weakest armored vehicle of the GLA, but once it is upgraded with scorpion rockets, it can cause destruction to enemy vehicles and infantry. Scorpion upgrades are mainly available at the arms dealer structure, the palace and the black market. To upgrade its fire power to rockets research the scorpion rockets at the arms dealer, but if you want to upgrade it with deadly anthrax, then research toxin shells. This can inflict serious damage to the opponents infantry units. You can also enhance the damages by researching anthrax beta at the palace. When battling against enemy units, use at least 7-8 upgraded Scorpions to get excellent damage results. Marauder: The Marauder is one of prime GLA armored vehicles. With its increased range, accuracy and good armor the Marauder can cause great damage to your opponents vehicles and units. It has features similar to the scorpion. You can upgrade using scraps of enemy units and use it to fire anthrax weapons from its projectiles. Use at least 6-7 marauders along with other units while planning an attack on your opponents. The rest upgrades are similar to the Scorpion. Quad Cannon: The quad cannon can be used as a good defensive unit against light armored vehicles and infantry. But, it is very weak against heavy armored vehicles and air units. Always have a group 0f 5 or 6 quad cannons to take out any nuisance infantry units. You can increase its damage power by 25 percent by researching AP bullets at the black market. Rocket Buggy: Rocket Buggies are fast, accurate, but have slow reload times. Because they are fast-paced, they can easily hide beyond the reach of enemy units and come back strong. The best tactic is to use 3-4 rocket buggies to shoot and quickly hide them beyond the reach of enemy units. When it reloads, attack your opponents again. Using its speed and heavy fire power can be the perfect strategy against your opponents. Bomb Truck: Bomb trucks are extremely effective against a large group of enemy units. As the name suggests, bomb trucks are loaded with explosives and chemical weapons. You can employ multiple tactics with these expensive units. Use them silently to sneak inside enemy base and run over a cluster of vehicles. You can also use them to sneak into unguarded enemy structures. Scud Launcher: The scud launcher is GLAs artillery weapon that can fire scud missiles from a good distance. It has two types of fire power-anthrax warheads and explosives. When playing skirmish battles in Command and Conquer: Generals, use the scud launchers explosives against enemy structures and warheads on infantry and vehicles. Make sure your launchers are protected with RPG troopers and marauders as they are very vulnerable against enemy armors. Because they can bombard from a great distance, make sure you place them at strategic isolated areas near enemy base camp. Toxin Tractor: This unit spurts green toxins at enemy units and can be very effective against light infantry units. You can eliminate your opponents infantry garrisoned in civilian buildings. But, always support it with other units and make sure they are far off against heavy armor.

Let Bolton Battle :: essays research papers fc

Let Bolton Battle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What if you had just got off work early and decided to fly home to surprise your family, but just as you take off the screaming starts. Your plane was just hijacked by an extremist terrorist group that hates the United States and is going to take the plane down in a city for maximum casualties. Do you think something should be done to prevent this? It is horrible that after 9/11 no one could agree â€Å"on something as basic to the war on terror as a comprehensive definition of terrorism† while other innocent people died. The author, Newt Gingrich, recognizes these dangers and presents a strong argument for the election of John Bolton, Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security, to become ambassador to the United Nations. With a tough tone, Newt Gingrich presents his unyielding position on an urgent cause.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have chosen to analyze Newt Gingrich’s article because it is so influential and steadfast to his cause. The article is on a website at â€Å"www.newt.org† and is unrelenting throughout both pages. Gingrich does not vacillate from his objective in the article and remains sturdy in his stance on Bolton’s need for election. The way that Gingrich sets up his position generates a decision for the reader: Why not elect Bolton?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Newt Gingrich knows politics; he has served on Congress since 1978 till he was elected Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives in 1995. During his four-year term, the Washington Times called him â€Å"the indispensable leader† and Time magazine named him â€Å"Man of the Year† for 1995. Not only was he influential on the floor, he has written nine books including two best sellers, Contract With America and To Renew America. Furthermore, he has become a sought-after public speaker, and just finished a keynote address at the John F. Kennedy Jr. Forum at Harvard University. Through Gingrich’s website he responds to questions and concerns about pieces that he has written and states that he will even have an open debate about his articles. This is an ethos appeal for the reader since they know that Gingrich is well respected and knowledgeable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, Gingrich opens with the powerful statement that contains demanding diction, such as â€Å"right choice† and â€Å"without further delay† to propel his argument for confirming Bolton to the United Nations. Then he states the reason that Bolton needs to be elected by stating that Americans are at uncertain times and face serious threats, and that the â€Å"U.

Generalization: Black People and Young Men Essay

In daily life, you can find out man many generalization easily; such as, when you heard about crime, you immediately think of the drunken, unemployed, color people..etc, or when you heard about Havard’s student, words describing like very smart, creative, sucess in life easily or something like that glance through your mind.In the same way, when you heard people depend on welfare, you immediately think that they are lazy, unemployed, have many children, never try to get any job and they are black people. However, do you think generalizations like above always right? Absolutely not. In my opinion, each person has each generalization, sometimes genelizations is similiar, but sometimes not. Wrong genelizations can be cause racism or unfair in life. To begin with an Gladwell’s article, because he mention generalization in one of his articles. In â€Å"Troublemakers†, Gladwell argues that generalization is not easy, you must know exactly what is going on. Because of the attacks of pitt bull, it was banned by the Ontario goverment. They said that pitt bulls is very dangerous, can bite someone without warning signs, then, they decided banned it. In the same case with pitt bull, he gave us some example about young men driver always higher charges or doctors think that midle-ages easily get heart attack. In the same article, he also gave us example about terrorism. He said terrorist in our mind is totally different in real. We don’t know how a terrorists look like; can be a Arab men, can be a young men, can be black people, can be white people, can be lady, also can be a old men. That’s why, the goverment and the police, specific is New York Police Department have trouble in sketching terrorist’s prolife. However, when NYPD use right generalization to make decrease crime in city. Back to the pitt bull, as we know, not all pitt bull are killer, moreover, dogs are good or bad also depend on owner. Most of case was attacked by pitt bull, the owner is often neglectful. However, it is still prohibited. Therefore, Gladwell said that is wrong generalization. As shown above, generalization is not always right. In a welfare statistics 2012, total government spending on welfare annually (not including food stamps or unemployment): $131.9 billion. This number is increasing every year. Besides, the global economics downturn, this number is very serious. That’s why, most of americans don’t like people who depend on welfare too much. Americans thought that it was one of cause badly affecting in life today. In the same statistic was shown above, percent of recipients who are black: 39.8 %, this’s highest percent. Next, base on those numbers, you are thinking that black people depend on goverment so much and they seem never try to getting job. Moreover, most of drunken and crime you can see everyday on the street are also black. In the same case, when you go to department of welfare center, you can easily realize that the number of black people is more than all. Now, you begin to default on your thinking that black people are lazy, drunken, crime and depend on welfare so much. Meanwhile, how we know they never try to find a job or try to do something? We don’t know. We also don’t know what is going on their life. They can really have more troubles than white, because of the racism. I have a small story, that’s observation. I’m living Northeast Phillies. Oneday, when I was from home to school, I saw some homeless man on the way to school, I counted five people and in which just have one black people. Now, where is problem? I know, this’s just small story and it can’t generalize anything obvious. However, I think it enough for we look back at own conclusion. Fact that blacks depend on welfare more than others, don’t they? When we heard about black people, we immediately think of crime, drunken†¦ And, thinking made us don’t want to hire them. Clearly, they’ll unemployed. Next, they must depend on welfare to maintain life. Things like a circle and has no end. Until we change our thinking about them and giving them more opportunities, they are still depend on welfare. Not all black people depend on welfare, also not all pitt bull are killers. Finally, genaralization is really important and need shrewdness. You must observation everything what is happening around problems. Because a wrong genaralization can can lead to unnecessary mistakes.

Research paper on carnival Essay

Mardi gras Just the name Mardi gras conjures up images of drunken, bead-wearing revelers dancing through the streets of New Orleans. But how, and when, did this huge mid-winter party get started? Here’s a look at the history of Mardi gras throughout the ages and across the nations. Herman states, Historians tell us that the ancient Romans probably kicked off the Mardi gras celebrations. (pg. 115)Their mid-February festival known as Lupercalia honored the god Lupercus, alternately known as the god of fertility and the god of agriculture and pastoral shepherds. In either case, his party definitely had Mardi Gras-like qualities, including days of feasting and drinking. And a little enjoying the â€Å"pleasures of the flesh†, probably, too — in fact, the term Carnival, often synonymous with Mardi gras, is derived from the Latin expression meaning â€Å"farewell to the flesh.† Like most of the ancient Roman and Greek festivals, Lupercalia was adopted and adapted by the Ch urch as a way of subtly converting the local pagans to Christianity. The carnival-like celebration of Lupercalia thus morphed into a last â€Å"fling† before the beginning of the Lenten period. Lent refers to the 40 days of pertinence and purification celebrated between Ash Wednesday and Easter Sunday. During Lent, the religiously faithful refrain from a number of indulgences of the â€Å"flesh†, including eating meat. (pg. 220) What began as a Roman-based celebration quickly spread across the European continent. By medieval times, lords were hosting carnivals prior to Lent in honor of the conscription of their new knights. Each region and country celebrated their own traditions, but all were indulgent. [pic] In France, this period of revelry before Lent was especially raucous. In fact, the term Mardi gras is a French expression meaning â€Å"Fat Tuesday† — likely referring to the indulgent nature of the pre-Lenten celebration. The name may have been more than just allegorical, however. Ancient pagans often marked their fertility ritual by parading a fattened ox through the town before sacrificing it. (lent pg. 101) It was also the French who brought the celebration to America. Many historians believe the party crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 1699, on the ship of a French explorer named Sieur d’Iberville. The Frenchman landed in what is today Louisiana, just south of New Orleans, the heart of America’s modern-day Mardi Gras celebrations. In fact, his landing is believed to have coincided with the French celebration of Mardi gras, explaining his choice of name for his point of entry: Point du Mardi Gras. However, dispute the d’Iberville connection, contending that it was the early French settlers to Louisiana who introduced Mardi gras to America. Regardless of the precise origin, Mardi gras can clearly be attributed to a Franco-influence. By the mid 1820s, Mardi gras was firmly rooted in the New Orleans culture. Lent later states that Today, the city’s celebrations are considered one of America’s biggest parties, with towns and cities throughout the Gulf Coast Region getting in on the fun. (112) Zulu (krewe of Mardi gras) Early in 1909, a group of laborers who had organized a club named â€Å"The Tramps,† went to the Pythian Theater to see a musical comedy performed by the Smart Set. The comedy included a skit entitled, â€Å"There Never Was and Never Will Be a King like Me,† about the Zulu Tribe. (herman pg. 201) The earliest signs of organization came from the fact that the majority of these men belonged to a Benevolent Aid Society. Benevolent Societies were the first forms of insurance in the Black community where, for a small amount of dues, members received financial help when sick or financial aid when burying deceased members. Conversations and interviews with older members also indicate that in that era the city was divided into wards and each ward had its own group or â€Å"Club.† The Tramps were one such group. After seeing the skit, they retired to their meeting place (a room in the rear of a restaurant/bar in the 1100 block of Perdido Street), and emerged as Zulus. (pg 210). According to herman, This group was probably made up of members from the Tramps, the Benevolent Aid Society and other ward-based groups. While the â€Å"Group† marched in Mardi gras as early as 1901, their first appearance as Zulus came in 1909, with William Story as King. The group wore raggedy pants, and had a Jubilee-singing quartet in front of and behind King Story. His costume of â€Å"lard can† crown and â€Å"banana stalk† scepter has been well documented. The Kings following William Story, (William Crawford – 1910, Peter Williams – 1912, and Henry Harris – 1914), were similarly attired. (pg. 214). 1915 heralded the first use of floats, constructed on a spring wagon, using dry good boxes. The float was decorated with palmetto leaves and moss and carried four Dukes along with the King. That humble beginning gave rise to the lavish floats we see in the Zulu parade today. On September 20, 1916, in the notorial office of Gabriel Fernandez, the Zulu Social Aid and Pleasure Club were incorporated. Twenty-two of the organization’s officers and members signed the first official document. The Geddes and Moss Funeral Home, located on Washington Avenue, played an integral part in Zulu’s beginning, and have continued to do so throughout the years. The first official toast of King Zulu and his Queen is held at this establishment each year. Zulus were not without their controversies, either. In the 1960’s during the height of Black awareness, it was unpopular to be a Zulu. Dressing in a grass skirt and donning a black face were seen as being demeaning. Large numbers of black organizations protested against the Zulu organization, and its membership dwindled to approximately 16 men. James Russell, a long-time member, served as president in this period, and is credited with holding the organization together and slowly bringing Zulu back to the forefront. (pg. 220) In 1968, Zulu’s route took them on two major streets; namely, St. Charles Avenue and Canal Street, for the first time in the modern era to see the Zulu parade, you had to travel the so-called â €Å"back streets† of the Black neighborhoods. The segregation laws of this period contributed to this, and Zulu tradition also played a part. In those days, neighborhood bars sponsored certain floats and, consequently, the floats were obligated to pass those bars. Passing meant stopping, as the bars advertised that the â€Å"Zulus will stop here!† Once stopped at a sponsoring bar, it was often difficult to get the riders out of the establishment, so the other floats took off in different directions to fulfill their obligations. Zulu has grown tremendously over the years. This continual growth is credited to the members for their love, loyalty and dedication to this organization. In 1978, the organization opened its doors to their new home, a two-story frame building houses a lounge downstairs for members and guests to enjoy themselves. Of all the throws to rain down from the many floats in the parades during carnival, the Zulu coconut or â€Å"Golden Nugget† is the most sought after. The earliest reference to the coconut appears to be about 1910 when the coconuts were given from the floats in their natural â€Å"hairy† state. Some years later there is a reference to Lloyd Lucus, â€Å"the sign painter,† scraping and painting the coconuts. This was the forerunner to the beautifully decorated coconuts we see today. (pg. 229) With the proliferation of lawsuits from people alleging injury from thrown coconuts, the organization was unable to get insurance coverage in 1987. So that year, the honored tradition was suspended. After much lobbying, the Louisiana Legislature passed SB188, aptly dubbed the â€Å"Coconut Bill,† which excluded the coconut from liability for alleged injuries arising from the coconuts handed from the floats. On July 8, 1988, then-governor Edwards signed the bill into law. (pg. 233) Carnival in the Caribbean Hundreds of years ago followers of the Catholic religion in Italy started the tradition of holding a wild costume festival right before Lent. Because Catholics are not supposed to eat meat during Lent, they called their festival, ‘carnevale’-which means â€Å"to put away meat.† (internet site: â€Å"caribbean carnival†)As time passed, carnivals in Italy became quite famous. The practice spread to France, Spain and Portugal. As these Catholic countries began to take control of the Americas and other parts of the world, they brought with them their tradition of celebrating Carnival. In many parts of the world, where Catholic Europeans set up colonies and entered into slave trade, carnival took root. Today Carnival celebrations are found throughout the Caribbean. Traditions of the cultures have come together and especially African dance and music traditions transformed the early European carnival traditions in the Americas. Important to the Caribbean festival arts are the ancient African traditions of parading and moving in circles through villages in costumes and masks. These traditions were believed to bring good fortune, to heal problems and chill out angry spirits. Caribbean carnival traditions also borrow from the African culture the tradition of creating pieces of sculpture, masks and costumes. For the Caribbean people carnival became an important way to express their rich cultural traditions. It takes many months of coming up with a theme or overall concept and developing costumes for the dancers. Lots of creativity, energy and patience is put into work such as welding, painting, sewing, gluing, applying feathers, sequins and glitter. Carnival groups, entertained by music orchestras, parade and dance wearing costumes depicting a common theme. When Carnival first began it was celebrated from December 26 until Shrove Tuesday (the day before Ash Wednesday). Nowadays Carnival festivities and activities are being held year-round in the Caribbean. The dates on which Carnival celebrations such as; music competitions, festivals, concerts, street ‘jump-up’s’, beauty pageants, balls, parades etc. take place may vary from country to country, from island to island. For days, sometimes weeks, the people of the Caribbean express themselves socially and artistically and sheer joy with visitors from all over the world. (internet sit â€Å"Caribbean carnival†)Everyone, including the spectators, is part of the celebrations. Antigua and Bermuda The festivities reveal the many influences that formed the Antiguan society, cultural, social and political. Over the years cultural elements from countries like Venezuela, Brazil, Holland, Colombia and the United States have slipped into the Antiguan community and blended with and into the unique world famous carnival celebration with its typical characteristics of creativity and rhythm, dance happiness, Flamboyant costumes, Beauty pageants, Talent shows, and Great music. All these and more define a fantastic celebration of happiness that is the Antigua Carnival. In retrospect, the Antigua Carnival dates back in August 1 of 1834 when slavery was entirely abolished. In 1666, it was ravaged by French inhabitants but was soon conquered by the British and was formally restored to them by the Treaty of Breda. It all started when the local natives immediately went to the streets to express their joyful celebration of freedom. As the years passed by, it continued not until in 1957 where it was declared an official Antigua Carnival. (oduber pg. 97) Since then, the Antigua Carnival has developed into ten days packed with revelry in a glitzy manner of dance to the beat of the Calypso. It includes marches, jump-ups and shows which always took place around the last week of July up to the first week of August. The Antigua Carnival is undeniably the best time for tourists to immerse with the culture of this Caribbean island. If you head to the city, you are fortunate to witness the Pan Ban, a steel orchestra, practicing for the event.(oduber pg. 99) They go by troupes as they set up a Mas Camp, a base where their intricate wardrobes are made. It is also the starting point as they walk to the metropolis to open the Antigua Carnival. The lively event culminates by a massive road party called J’ouvert, which means â€Å"day break†. Everybody is literally on their feet as they sway to the beat of the dr ums from the young night until the middle morning. Barbados (Crop over) Masquerading was an old African tradition, where they paraded in masks and costumes through the villages to bring good luck and to remove evil spirits. Originally materials for costumes were natural things such as; grass, beads, bones, etc. Head-pieces and Masks were made of feathers to symbolize that people can spiritually rise above anything. Most European colonies within the Caribbean who were part of the slave trade have Carnival or Carnival-like celebrations. (praiser pg. 23)Now in large countries like USA, Canada and England, where they are Caribbean communities you will find Carnival celebrations. The History of Crop Over The end of the sugar cane harvest, or Crop Over as it is almost always referred to, has long been the occasion for celebration. In what seems to be the earliest reference to the Crop Over festival, we find the manager of Newton Plantation writing in 1788 to the estate’s owner in England, telling him that he had held a â€Å"dinner and sober dance† for the slaves, saying: â€Å"twas a celebration of Harvest Time after the crop.† (housman pg. 304) Many aspects of plantation life in Barbados carried on unchanged after the end of slavery, and the Crop Over festival likewise continued. Never the less there must have been an important difference in the way in which the festival was perceived. Before emancipation, the planter had no choice but to support his slaves, well or badly as the case might have been, all year round. After 1838, for most people Crop Over meant not just the end of a period of hard work, but also the beginning of a period of less work and lower wag es. For many the interval between two crops would indeed have been â€Å"hard times†, and the symbol of these, perhaps not invented until after Emancipation, was the figure of a man stuffed with trash (the dried leaves of the sugar cane plant) which was known as â€Å"Mr. Harding†. (pg. 311) Mr. Harding was formally introduced to the manager of the plantation, and, according to some accounts, later burnt as part of the celebrations which must have had a tinge of desperation to them as people strove to enjoy themselves while they could. The festival was apparently fairly common at the beginning of the present century, by which time the name Crop Over seems to have ousted that of Harvest Time. A procession of carts would bring the last canes to the plantation yard, the draught animals being decorated with flamboyant, frangipani and other flowers, whilst brightly colored kerchiefs would be tied like flags to the canes. The laborers would parade around the yard, and it was at this point that that they would introduce Mr. Harding to the manager, after which they would adjourn for a dance, for the manager or the owner of the estate would normally contribute some salt meat and rum. Even by 1940 Crop Over was being described as a â€Å"custom which has very nearly died out†, according to Housman (pg. 316), and the continuing decline of sugar and the growing availability of other sources of employment had put an end to much of traditional plantation life. The modern Crop Over, revived by the Board of Tourism in 1974 and now administered by the National Cultural Foundation, pays tribute to the fact that sugar is still important in Barbados and the immense influence which it has had on our history. The present day festival is very different from the old time Crop Over, but it continues as a tradition by offering a thrilling celebration of many aspects of Bajan Culture, old and new. CROP-OVER CARNIVAL Crop-over has become the centerpiece of Barbados culture, a process enriched by much history, a savvy visitor promotional sense, and the great nearby pre-Lenten Carnival of Trinidad & Tobago. Conga-line from April 22 – May 01 begins with the longest Conga line in the Caribbean and features a series of concerts at the Malibu Conga line Village. May 1 is the finale, where bands, floats and Carnival goers take part in the May Day Parade, The Caribbean’s largest summer Carnival begins on the first Saturday with the Decorated cart and float opening and Gala crop-over opening. (praiser pg.31) This parade begins at Bridgetown Independence Square in the early afternoon and finishes at the National Stadium. Here, the opening ceremony takes place with the ceremonial delivery of the last canes and the crowning of the king and queen of the festival followed by an excellent night of entertainment and socializing. The festival, revived in 1974 following a 30-year hiatus, continues to grow and evolve with the culture. Unlike most Carnivals whose roots are in spring, Crop-over is a harvest festival dating back centuries to the end of the sugar cane season. The end to all the grueling and arduous work was marked by the final delivery of canes to the mill. Surely a cause for song, dance and general jubilation, as such, the workers would begin the festivities by boisterously telling each other â€Å"CROP OVER.† Folk Concerts celebrating the emancipation from slavery are popular events during the Carnival season the last Carnival weekend features the most important Carnival events. On Friday, there will be the Pic-O-De-Crop Finals at the National Stadium. The next night in the wee hours of Sunday morn, the Fore-Day morning jump-up will go down from 2am till dawn. Before this special event is the steelpan competition. Cohobblopot is a huge carnival-like show where the most popular calypsonians and bands perform on Carnival Sunday night. The Calypso Contest is one of the world’s best even though it features primarily local talent. Before the best singer/songwriters of the season are chosen, the talent will perform their new compositions at many venues or tents. These tents, with names like Super Gladiators, Conquerors, House of Soca, Pioneers and Stray Cats, play an important role in deciding who will win the title of Party Monarch, Road March Monarch and the Pic-O-De-Crop Monarch. The King and Queen of the bands competition is also an important part of the Cohobblopot Sunday show. Get tickets in advance since the National Stadium can sell out, particularly with all the talk about not allowing it to be broadcast on free TV. (pg. 37) All this buildup makes for a memorable Grand Finale, or as they say at Barbados Crop-over, the Grand Kadooment. Here, over two dozen large costumed bands will go dancing down de road inviting everyone to jump up with them as they make their way to the ocean surf. (pg. 42) Tuk: Indigenous to Barbados, it’s a combination of African and British military rhythms with the musicians dressed in minstrel like costumes creating music from kettledrums, bass drums and whistles. They play sounds like marching band music, old-time waltzes and almost always end with an African beat. According to praier, This is a great spectacle to see. ( pg. 51) The musicians are as serious about their music as any steelband man. Although a part of the old era, it is still very alive and a part of the modern day celebrations with completions staged during Crop Over. Calypso & Soca: Although calypso is indigenous to Trinidad, it now holds a very prominent place in the Crop over Celebration. Like Trinidad Carnival, it has all the trimmings, the Tents, parties, semi-finals judging and then to the Calypso Monarch finals, which take place just before Grand Kadooment. The Bajan artistes are holding their own with this art form and have even created new forms like Ringband and Ragga-soca, a definite invention of the Bajan calypsonians. (pg. 55) Steelband: Borrowed from Trinidad, the Bajans have taken it, and now the popularity and growth of the steelband in Barbados is phenomenal, states praiser. (pg. 68) with every year seeing the improvement of the sound and quality of the music to the extent that steelband has now taken a place on the curriculum of many of the schools on the island. Grand Kadooment: The grand finale, a parade of the costumed bands for the final competition for â€Å"Designer of the Year† Crown. The revelers are dressed in elaborate costumes depicting various themes dancing to music playing from the most popular bandstands, with disc jockeys winding their way down to Spring Garden where they would be judged for this coveted crown. (pg. 73) St. Vincent and the Grenadines (â€Å"vincy mas†) History Hugh Ragguette, a name that is synonymous with Carnival in St. Vincent explained to The Vincentian that the historic roots of Carnival lie in deep antiquity: since at the dawn of history, man celebrated several festivals of which Carnival was one. The Kalinagos and other indigenous peoples who inhabited St. Vincent had their festivals. With the introduction of slavery, the Africans with their varying cultures and rich variety added to those expressions. Although the practice of wearing â€Å"mas'† came from Africa and was subsequently adopted by the Greek and Romans, it was actually the French who celebrated carnival in the Caribbean as the highlight of the year. After the British supplanted the French, the practice continued. The wearing of Mas’ in carnival was introduced by the Pope in Rome in 1494 and then spread throughout Europe. (Sutty pg. 37) Naturally, the slaves participated in these festivals at a different level. â€Å"The slaves would have noted and partici pated in the festival, albeit at a different level. Naturally, they were not invited to the mas’ balls and dances.† stated however, when chattel slavery ended, the freed slaves embraced carnival and turned it into a â€Å"callaloo pot†, adding elements of the respective cultures.(pg 38) They took to the streets and displayed the theatrical spectacle they had created and to vent their subdued creative abilities. These street marches took place on the Monday and Tuesday before Ash Wednesday. Unable to chain the hands and feet of the slaves any longer, in 1892, he related, the colonial Governor banned the festival claiming that the revellers were lashing out at each other and observers with whips. Ragguette held another opinion, â€Å"The main reason was to suppress the people’s culture and their peculiar African expressions. The coloniser could not understand these expressions and wanted to stifle them.† The fire that burnt within slavery was reduced to mere embers and in 1879, fuelled by the unchainabl e African spirit it leapt into flames again. In 1899, the people decided that come what may, ban or no ban, which they were going to celebrate. They began the celebrations as early as the Friday preceding Ash Wednesday. As a result, the colonisers brought out what was termed â€Å"the armed might of the Empire†. (pg 44) The people resisted and a riot broke out, writing the Carnival Riots of the 11th and 12th February into this country’s history books. From then on, Carnival has been a part of St.Vincent’s culture. Four years later, â€Å"carnival fever† spread to Trinidad in the south where the festival had been banned resulting in the Comboule Riots. throughout the years people have built on and experimented with the components of Carnival; to the extent Trinidadians have invented a musical instrument in the form of the steel pan to provide accompanying music to its calypso. ( pg. 47). By 1973, it was virtually impossible to hold all the Carnival shows during the Wednesday and Tuesday period. â€Å"Our pan, our calypso, and particularly our Mas’ has reached a level of development that it needed to spread its wings outside the Catholic Christian Carnival to a more embracing festival,† Ragguette commented. (pg. 49) Since the festival was held so soon after Christmas and the length of time available for shows coupled with the fact the Trinidad and Tobago, whom Ragguette stated â€Å"had run away with title of king of Carnival in the world and boasted of having the greatest show on earth,† held its Carnival around the same time, it was necessary to move the festival to another season. The June-July period was decided as most suitable. (pg. 50) With more time to work, the CDC wanted to introduce a Caribbean component into its programme. Antigua and Barbuda already had a Caribbean Calypso Competition and the organisation could not get beyond the logistics of a Caribbean Pan or King and Queen of the Bands competition. sutty explained that it was felt that a show should be organised to showcase â€Å"the beauty and profound intelligence of our Caribbean women†. (pg. 53). This resulted in the birth of Miss Caribbean Carnival – Miss Carnival. Trinidad Carnival’s principal components are calypso, steelpan and playing mas (masquerade). In the historic capital City of Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, these elements are harmoniously structured to form a five day ritual pageant beginning with the King & Queen Contest (Friday), Panorama (Saturday), Dimanche Gras (Sunday), J’Ouvert (Monday) and the Parade of the Bands (Tuesday). (green pg 57) These main events and countless others build to an unforgettable epiphany of beauty and stunning display of the irrepressible human spirit before concluding and allowing the quiet first day of Lent and reflection known as Ash Wednesday to be admitted to consciousness. [pic]The genesis of this â€Å"world’s greatest† Carnival has been attributed to the many cultures of Trinidad and their interaction. While the African influence is predominant, the Carnival carries an overriding theme of unity, a central part of this unique culture’s mythology. Trinidad’s namesake, the holy Trinity is blessed as the unifying principle. This is the country’s well known motto, resting at the base of the ubiquitous and striking T&T Coat of Arms reads, â€Å"Together we Aspire, Together we achieve.† (pg 59).Yet the wisdom lies in paradox for there is no Carnival with more intense competition than Trinidad’s. [pic]Today Trinidad’s model for public celebration is the most widely imitated festival art form in the world. Many Trinidadian Carnival artists are able to work year round performing throughout North America, Europe, and the Caribbean. J’ouvert Jab Jab – The name of this mas is derived from the French patois for ‘Diable Diable†. It is pretty devil mas. The costume consists of a Kandal or satin knickers, and satin shirt with points of cloth at the waist, from which bells hang. On the chest, there is a shaped cloth panel which is decorated with swansdown, rhinestones and mirrors. Stockings and alpagatas are worn on the feet, while the headdress consists of a hood with stuffed cloth horns. The costume can come in alternating colors and be divided into front and back panels. (pg 61) The Jab Jab has a thick whip of plaited hemp which he swings and cracks threateningly. These whips can reduce the costumes of other Jab Jabs to threads. It is not to be confused with Jab Molassie. JAB MOLASSIE – Jab is the French patois for ‘Diable’ (Devil), and Molassie is the French patois for Mà ©lasse (Molasses). (pg 62)The Jab Molassie is one of several varieties of devil mas played in Trinidad and Tobago carnival. The costume consists of short pants or pants cut off at the knee, and a mask and horns. The jab malassie would carry chains, and wear locks and keys around his waist, and carry a pitch fork. He may smear his body with grease, tar, mud or colored dyes (red, green or blue). The jab molassie â€Å"wines† or gyrates to a rhythmic beat that is played on tins or pans by his imps. While some of his imps supply the music, others hold his chain, seemingly restraining him as he pulls against them in his wild dance. The differences among the various forms of devil mas were once distinct, but have become blurred over time. Trinidad’s carnival is a gorgeous paradigm of how carnival can connect the entire world. In this Trinidad little nation, the lifestyle and customs of various cultures come collectively for a short five days every year, the entire country stops thinking about their dissimilarities to celebrate life! Similar to many other countries under colonial rule, the history of Native Americans and African people in Trinidad is atrocious and a sad story. At different times England and Spain both maintained Trinidad as their colonies. Around 1785, Carnival was introduced to Trinidad. The French settlers started to arrive. The custom caught on rapidly, and fancy balls were held where the rich planters pretend masks, and beautiful dresses, wigs, and dance the whole night. The employ of masks had particular meaning for the slaves, as for several African peoples, masking is usually used in their rituals for the dead. Evidently banned from the masked balls of the French, the slaves would grasp their own tiny carnivals in their gardens — using their folklore and own rituals. However they also imitate their masters’ manners at the masked balls. Carnival has turned out to be a way to convey their authority as individuals for African people, and also for their rich cultural traditions. (pg. 102) The slavery was eradicated after 1838, the Africans were freed and started to host their individual carnival celebrations in Trinidad streets. This carnival developed progressively and sophisticated and rapidly became trendier than the balls. Nowadays, Trinidad carnival is like a mirror that reflects the faces the many immigrant nations from Africa, India, China and Europe. Carnival is such a significant aspect of life in Trinidad, as many schools trust that funding/ sponsoring a carnival band is a way to train youngsters about their culture and roots. According to green, Hundreds of schools and community organizations contribute in Trinidad’s Kiddies Carnival. In this fashion, communities’ works as one to build up strong friendships and good respect for the various cultures that make up Trinidad. (pg. 59) Bibliography â€Å"Caribbean carnival† Caribseek.comhttp://www.caribseek.com/adventure_and_entertainment/carnivals/caribbean-carnival.shtml. â€Å"Carnival in Trinidad.† Mustard.org.early 1985 carnival in Trinidad†¦evolution and symbolic menaing.21 February 2008 http://www.mustard.org.uk/articles/trinidad.htm. Cowley, John. Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso: Traditions in the Making. Trinidad: Macmillan Caribbean May 4, 1988 Green, Garth L. Trinidad Carnival: The Cultural Politics of a Transnational Festival. Massasetucheuts: Harper smith, 2005 Herman, Wouk. Don’t stop the carnival. USA: Doubleday, 1965 Housman, Gerald â€Å"The kebra nagast: the lost bible of Rastafarian wisdom and faith from Ethiopia and Jamaica.† (July 1979): 299-671 Lent, A John. Caribbean popular culture. Michigan: bowling green state university popular press, 2006. Pariser, Harry S. Explore Barbados. Manatee Press: 3 edition October 2007 Razak, Victoria M. Carnival in Antigua. Boston: Cenda Pub; 1 edition May 1, 1998 Riggio, Milla Co. Carnival: Culture in Action — The Trinidad Experience (Worlds of Performance). Routt ledge: Pablo Delano, 2004: Sutty, Lesley. St Vincent and the Grenadines. Caribbean: 2 edition September 2002 Oduber, Vanja. Antigua carnival. New York: Chauvenheid Graphic Group 1996