Hizbut Tahrir

Contemporarily, the Hizbut Tahrir, which is the party of liberation, is one of the biggest Islamic groups across the world. Due to political failures of Islamic parties as well as failure of secularism, there have been quite a huge number of recruits in Hizbut Tahrir of late.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Hizbut Tahrir specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Hizbut Tahrir party functions in numerous parts of the world, but it is more active in Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. Despite the criticisms that arise regarding the Hizbut Tahrir’s intentions, the party has become very popular amongst different societies across the world (Razak Para. 3). In fact, it has been termed as a very imperative movement especially in Central Asia. The person who started the party is an Islamic scholar, popularly known by the name, Sheikh Taqi al Din al Nabkhan in Jerusalem, around the year 1953. Hizbut Tahrirâ€℠¢s ideologies clearly indicate that it renounces democracy, nationalism, socialism, as well as capitalism. The party wants to bring back the system that governed Muslims particularly at the time of Prophet Muhammad, viz. the righteous Caliphs. Sheikh Taqi attained early education in the year 1928 at the Al-Azhar University after which he went to work in the Ministry of Education (Fealy and White 138). He later became the head cleric and a judge, but after the Arab-Israel conflict started, he stopped working in the aforementioned capacities. However, he had gathered enough knowhow in the field of politics and this aspect boosted his morale to revive the Islamic Caliphate so that Palestine would be free. However, he never, in his wildest dreams, thought that the Hizbut Tahrir party would go international. The party is in charge of the army, religion, foreign policy, the economy, as well the Caliphates internal political system. Hizbut Tahrir follows the sharia (Islamic law), which is so much against democracy. Sheikh Taqi had initially targeted Arab countries with the inclusion of Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon for he had the notion that all Muslims were of the idea of reviving the Islamic Caliphate and thus he went ahead to open the party to Muslims despite their gender or race (Nawab Para. 2).Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fact that the targeted countries did not exercise democracy meant that the Caliph, together with those working with him, would handle the issues that the pertinent issues within the Muslim community be it economic, social, ethic, or otherwise. The main state language was Arabic while women were restricted mainly to their homes, but whoever wanted to go ahead with her education was allowed. For the Muslim men above the ages of 15 years, they had to enter into the military without any hesitation while the Caliph was the one to appoint the defense minister particularly when the party wanted to go to war (Karaginnis 32). The division of the main course of strategy took place in three main parts. The first was tatsqif (culturing) whereby the main objective was to look for people who had strong beliefs in how the party ran things. The second part was tafa’ul (interaction) whereby those who joined the party would be introduced to the party’s ideas so that the objective of reviving the Caliphate would become a reality. The third part was istilamu al hukmi (power and ruling acceptance), which underscored the founding of governments that would govern the Muslims. Sheikh Taqi wanted to hasten the third part of power and ruling and so he tried to implement nusrah (assistance to gain power) from the prominent people in the country with examples of judges, leaders in the military, politicians, and many others. There was the establishment of branches by the year 1960 by sheikh Taqi in the majority of the North African and Middle East countries. Given the fact that of the members attempted coups in Egypt, Syria, and Jordan, the Hizbut Tahrir party had gained quite a significant popularity. The failed coups were due to the association with members of the HT party as aforementioned. Sheikh Taqi died in the year 1977 and thereafter Sheikh Abdul Qaleem Zalloum became the party’s leader (American Foreign Policy Council Para. 1). Even today, it is easy to see the high numbers of the Hizbut Tahrir followers in various Islamic centers as they wave black flags as they take to the streets shouting slogans and giving people leaflets to fellow Muslims about the party. From reading the Hizbut Tahrir party’s books, it is evident that they do not mention about the future or salvation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Hizbut Tahrir specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the fact that Hizbut Tahrir started out as a polit ical party, today it gives theological press releases. The Hizbut Tahrir party is very famous amongst young Muslims who are living in Western Europe. London is the movement’s main center and thus the publishing of HT materials takes place here coupled with training of members in different aspects. After Sheik Adbul Qaleem took over, the party went ahead to grow in many other different parts of the world and particularly in the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and Australia (Karaginnis 132). The majority of the Hizbut Tahrir affiliates had moved to the West as their native countries were persecuting them while others left in search of a better life with better jobs elsewhere. On the other hand, Hizbut Tahrir went ahead to bring in new members especially students from different Muslim countries as a way of ensuring that the party had many members and thus remain strong as ever. Hizbut Tahrir has a very hierarchical organizational makeup whereby the topmost post of the amir (leader) had sheikh Taqi holding it. The party then goes to classify the Muslim world into wilayahs whereby there is line demarcation of the future Caliphate. At the topmost provincial leadership of the wilayahs is a committee and the leader is a Mu’ tamad. Then there is the local committee that governs the local urban centers and has a naqib as a leader. A leaders self is kept a secret by the Hizbut Tahrir party reason being there was persecution of leaders in history and more so in the Middle Eastern countries. One of the most outstanding leaders is Mu’ tamad and the only people allowed to know who he is are the wilayah committee members. The halaqah (study circles) on the other hand take lowest party levels and the group has almost eight members. The duty of selecting members, who will come into the future, lies under the jurisdiction of the halaqahs. In the Hizbut Tahrir party based in Indonesia, there is recognition of women as important people in the mov ement. When it comes to the Caliphates recruitment, the Hizbut Tahrir uses very advanced channels to allow as many recruits as possible to develop a keen interest of joining the group (American Foreign Policy Council Para. 4).Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The channels include Media Ummat, which is a weekly newspaper, Al-wa’ie, which is a monthly journal, together with conferences and seminars. In the year 2009, a radio that broadcasts online also became another channel geared towards bringing in new members. The Hizbut Tahrir located in Indonesia incorporates women in the movement and gives them special roles similar to those of men in comparison to other Hizbut Tahrir groups across the world. When bringing together prominent people within the society, nusrah is a very imperative stage where prominent people have influence with examples of politicians, journalists, civil servants, and many other people considered powerful. The Hizbut Tahrir party also targets government officials at different kinds of levels. There are arguments stating that the manner in which Hizbut Tahrir wants to start the Caliphate is similar to a coup d’à ©tat. However, Hizbut Tahrir refrains from using any form of violence especially given the f act that they follow the ways of Prophet Mohammed who also did not condone violence. Using violence would mean that the Hizbut Tahrir party is not following the correct principles it has set for itself and the members. The only worry is that despite the fact that the party does not use violence to achieve its goals, there are those new members who will want to use violence and spoil HT’s reputation. Hizbut Tahrir, in the year 2009, had an eventful year for it had public debates as well as conferences in different parts of the country like Canada and the US. Nevertheless, the Palestine authorities canceled the conferences, which the party holds every year in Palestine. The Hizbut Tahrir members were frequently in collision with the authorities where, for instance in the year 2009, quite a huge number of the members in Central Asia were arrested. The HT party started at a time when there was a struggle among the Arabs naturalists and so its purpose was to bring together Arabs a s well as re-establishing the caliphate (Ward 153). However, the group did not succeed in achieving this goal especially in the Middle East and so it resulted to looking for western religious freedom as well as starting up in Britain. The Hizbut Tahrir party has changed some of the ideas it originally had so that it can associate well with today’s world. This move has gone to the extent of opening up a website that features its modern caliphate, which incorporates everyone whether Muslim or not. Even though the British government has been inspecting the Hizbut Tahrir party particularly after the 2003 bombing, the group continues to run with the government’s permission. Hizb ut-Tahrir has gone as far as starting movements in Central Asia and Africa for the founders targeted the seemingly unstable countries; therefore, the caliphate seeks to establish unity and peace. A good example is that of the country of Zanzibar whereby the party has been experiencing frequent unres ts due to the divergences between Christians and Muslims (Ward 165). Hizbut Tahrir saw this opportunity and established the caliphate as a solution to the conflicts, and with this agenda in mind, they formed an Islamic state that is void of democracy. In addition to this achievement, Hizbut Tahrir wants to use the same strategy in Central Asia particularly in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. There is no recognition of the right of freedom by the Hizbut Tahrir in economics as well as religion. This provision is so strict to the extent that Muslims who renounce their Islamic faith are obligated to go under execution according to Article 7 of the constitution. On the other hand, Muslims following the Hizbut Tahrir party still have the freedom to engage in some issues; for instance, perform ijtihad, which means having personal opinions in regards to the Islamic law. Suspects who are locked in prison are innocent until there is enough evidence to show that they are guilty of the charges they a re facing. In addition to this, people are not charged without undergoing a court hearing whereby their case is heard to prove whether they are guilty or innocent. Many prisons in different parts of the world have a tendency of torturing suspects in the process of extracting information; however, according to the Hizbut Tahrir, this should not happen in any case and if it happens, the perpetrators should be punished. In conclusion, Hizbut Tahrir as a movement that does not allow violence, which is a plus in comparison to many other known groups that want to achieve their goals using violence and torture (Akbarzadeh and Mansouri 64). For example, when the September 11 attacks happened, the Hizbut Tahrir was quick to state that it does not condone such violent acts, as the point of their movement is not to kill anyone. Up to today, links between terrorists and Hizbut Tahrir are unheard of amid all sorts of speculations. Hizbut Tahrir goes on with its mission of establishing a caliphat e although not without challenges. The most outstanding aspect of this group is that it has managed to dissociate with terrorism, which haunts many such groups across the world. Works Cited Akbarzadeh, Shahram, and Fethi Mansouri. Islam and political violence: Muslim Diaspora and radicalism in the West, London: I. B. Tauris Co Ltd., 2010. Print. American Foreign Policy Council. Hizb ut Tahrir, 2011. Web. Fealy, Greg, and Sally White. Expressing Islam: Religious life and politics in Indonesia, Cornell: Southeast Asia Program Pub., 2008. Print. Karaginnis, Emmanuel. Political Islam in Central Asia: The challenge of Hizb ut Tahrir,  New York: Taylor Francis, 2009. Print. Nawab, Mohamed. The transitional network of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia, 2013. Web. Razak, Rowena. Hizb ut Tahrir the 21st century caliphate, 2012. Web. Ward, Ken. Non-violent extremists? Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia. Australian Journal of International Affairs 63.2 (2009): 149-164. Print. This essay on Hizbut Tahrir was written and submitted by user Chad D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Coordination in English Grammar

Coordination in English Grammar In English grammar, coordination or parataxis is the joining of words, phrases, or clauses of the same type  to give them equal emphasis and importance. The common conjunctions and, but, for, or, not, yet and so to join the elements of a coordinate construction. Clauses joined by coordination are main clauses or coordinate clauses, and a sentence containing two or more clauses linked by coordination is called a compound sentence; this acts in contrast to subordination, which joins the main clause of a sentence with a subordinate clause. This important distinction can be simplified by saying that coordinate constructions are composed of elements that are equally important, while subordination relies on two or more elements wherein one relies on the other to provide context and meaning. Commonality and Usage Chances are as a native or non-native English speaker, you have been using grammatical coordination just about as long as youve been able to form complete sentences. This very sentence is a coordinate construction in itself, and when speaking its truly the conjunction words that define a sentence as a coordinate construction. In the written form, coordination can help maintain a pace, rhythm and flow to a writers piece, providing a means to string along a complex thought without interruption of periods and their subsequent verbal pauses. Primarily though, these function best in comparison and comparative essays.   Disjunctive conjunctions like or or either...or serve the opposite purpose in contrasting phrases and clauses; therefore, a well-written compare-contrast essay utilizes both disjunctive and conjunctive  conjunctions to create a fluid and eloquent observation on the given topics, exploring their similarities and differences without confusing the intended audience. Gapped Coordination and Joint Coordination There are two types of coordination that are additionally utilized, providing special rules for when the verbs of both clauses are the same: gapped coordination or joint coordination. Oftentimes, these are used without thought, but in order to identify them, there are a few unique differences between the two. In gapping the verb is omitted from the second clause, leaving a gap in the middle of the clause. For instance, the sentence Kyle plays basketball, and Matthew plays soccer could be rewritten Kyle plays basketball, and Matthew soccer and still make grammatical sense. This process maintains conciseness in writing as well as speech. On the other hand, joint coordination is used when a noun phrase cannot be separated into separate clauses because the words function as a unit. For instance, the sentence Pete and Cory are a dynamic duo, would not make sense if rewritten as Pete is a dynamic duo, and Chris is a dynamic duo. Joint coordination, then, forms a dependent noun-verb phrase wherein the noun phrase of Pete and Cory function as a unit.

Literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Literature review - Essay Example of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) in 2006 reported that nursing colleges and universities turned away more than 32,000 qualified applicants due to a shortage of nurse educators† (Ciraola, 2008). Shortage of experienced nurses directly affects the quality of service at the healthcare organizations for the worse. â€Å"More and more nurses are approaching retirement age. We are losing a very large cohort of our most experienced nurses† (Link cited in Ciraola, 2008). Despite the fact that many students opt for nursing in the present age, it is not helping much as the population is growing at a much faster pace to belittle the effect produced by increased nursing students. Risks created by the shortage of nurses for healthcare organizations include problems of retention and recruitment of nurses, decline in the quality of service, and work-overload on individual nurses. Cultural diversity has necessitated the acquisition of new types of skills by the nursing leaders in the US that include but are not limited to knowledge of and competence in speaking multiple languages, knowledge of the norms and values of different cultures, and training and education of the nurses to customize their skills and talents to the needs of the American healthcare

Science and Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Science and Technology - Essay Example Virtualization is one of the most essential concepts that will continue to play a dramatic role in the modern century. The problem that majority companies faced with the traditional IT infrastructure consists of several problems. One of the critical problems is the fact that it takes high energy costs. In addition, the traditional mainframe networks take too much space. Furthermore, the heat that is generated through these servers must be cooled. In fact, recent studies have found that organizations achieved on average an 18% reduction in their budget from cloud computing and a 16% reduction in data costs. Hence, virtualization should be embraced by organizations because it is cost-effective, flexible, and provides safe process of security protocols. Not only does virtualization allow corporations to be more â€Å"eco-friendly† but it also reduces costs which is crucial for success in the 21st century. Another main initiative that has been taken by both moguls is to introduce carbon .One of the high focal points that has been emphasized over the years as an alternative approach for energy source has been solar energy. A solar initiative can be a very robust solution that can be utilized for powering residential and industrial purposes. One of the many advantages that solar energy offer is substantial reduction in pollution since no waste product is yielded. The production of energy is being derived from use of fossil fuel. Another great facet that solar energy offers is the fact that it can harness electricity in remote locations. Undoubtedly, this provides flexibility and a seamless integration with the nation’s future technology roadmap. Embedding solar panels in remote location are cost-effective and can create a channel for an optimized energy production. The thought of an environment in which sun energy is utilized to power the communities and the nation’s infra structure can certainly be a reality. Although this innovative approach has been

Tradeoff Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tradeoff Analysis - Essay Example As the Baderman Island facilities manager, the main reparation task before me is to escape $10,000 loss per week due to the miserable condition of the Visitors Center roof. The only solution of which is the replacement of the roof. The architect has offered three options are here to be applied for the replacement: 1. The installation cost of Asphalt shingles is $20 per square foot is $20, so the total cost for 10,000 square foot roof is estimated to be $200,000 Asphalt shingles. It will take one week in the installation of the roof. It simply means that the installation period will cause $10,000 more loss due to not being visited by the clients. Hence, the total cost reaches $210,000 in case of installing of Asphalt shingles roof. In addition, the installation will remain valid for the next twenty years, and no cost will be required during these years. 2. In case of the installation of tiles, per square cost will be $50 per square foot, with total cost $500,000 for 10,000 square foot roof. In addition, it will take three weeks for the completion of installation process, which will cost $30,000 additional loss as it will remain closed for the visitors for the next three weeks. The aggregate cost will be $530,000, while the lifecycle is expected to be 40 years. 3. The architect has given the estimation of $35 per square foot for the installation of composite tiles with the total cost $350,000 for 10,000 square foot roof. Since it takes two weeks to install composite tiles, so additional $20,000 will also be included in the expenditures making the grand total of $370,000, and the expected lifecycle is 30 years. Hence, the installation cost of asphalt shingles is $160,000 lower than the composite tiles, while its installation cost is expected to be $320,000 lower than the installation of tiles on roof. Moreover, the installation cost of composite

Reflective essay: Stroke patient

Reflective essay: Stroke patient ASSIGNMENT FROM MOTHER NA A Reflective Essay on significant patient care event within a multidisciplinary setting. This will be a reflective analysis on a significant event that I have observed and experienced in clinical placements. A reflective model was not used, as it was too restrictive for the event being analysed, critiqued and discussed. My focus on this assignment is on assessment on a stroke patient and prevention of pressure ulcers. This was my first experience to nurse a stroke patient and therefore was very interested to know about the disease and how to make an assessment on patients in this situation. All details that could identify any person, clinical placement or trust have been changed to protect confidentiality, in line with The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct, Performance and Ethics (2008). Reflection is an active process of witnessing one’s own experience so that we can make an evaluation in order to make a decision. Reflection has its foundations in the discipline off learning and experience in a student (Jasper 2003).Jasper (2003) believes that we learn by doing, and realising what came of what we did. There are so many models of reflection however, these are not meant to use for an inflexible set of questions to be answered but to give a construction on how to go about a problem. While on placement I worked with one of the qualified staff on the ward and looked after a lady aged 84 years. Doris had suffered a stroke which developed to impaired swallowing and speech. She was admitted to the ward due to having an ischemic stroke. A stroke is a disease that affects the arteries leading to and within the brain and categorised as ischemic or haemorrhagic stroke. This occurs when the blood vessel that carries oxygen and nutrients to the brain is either blocked or burst. This results in the brain not getting the oxygen and nutrients that it needs and eventually starts to die (Feigin et al 2003). Because of this patients have a propensity to develop swallowing impairment or speech impairment. Ischemic stroke take place as a result of an impediment within a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain. The original circumstances for this type of obstruction are the development of fatty deposits lining the vessel walls. This condition is called atherosclerosis (Lopez et a l 2006). These fatty deposits can cause two types of obstruction that is cerebral thrombosis or cerebral embolism. In the case of an embolism, a clot breaks loose and enters the blood stream and eventually fails to pass when it reaches smaller brain capillaries. Irregular heartbeats known as atrial fibrillation is another cause for embolism which is likely to form a clot in the heart and later dislodge and travel to the brain (Feigin et al 2003). The National Audit office (2005) report shows that 130,000 of United Kingdom population suffer a Transient ischemic attack (TIA) every year, of which half of the figure the stroke occurs in the people aged above 75yrs, however stroke do happen in all ages (Kwan 2001). Saka et al (2009) explains that the UK economy has to account for  £9 billion per year to cover the costs of stroke related diseases including its management and therefore causing a burden on the economy. Because of the muscle weakness due to a stroke, there’s loose o f control on the bladder sphincter causing incontinence. In addition statistics show that 63% of the population who are hospitalised develop pressure sores over the last 10 years. The figure includes the elderly and patients who have suffered a stroke. Communication was another issue; Doris could not communicate well due to the dysphasia which developed after the stroke and sadly no one in the family or friend had escorted Doris to hospital for health care staff to obtain her past history on admission. Taking a medical history is good practice as it allows health care staff to apply effective assessment which will meet the patient’s needs. It is through effective communication that effective assessment will be implemented. There are other approaches in communication, for example The â€Å"VERA† framework (validation, Emotion, reassure and activity) suggested in a study that it enabled student nurses to counter to elderly patients whose communication and behaviour proved to be difficult. These frameworks give choices to healthcare staff a set of principles to guide them with communication while providing any medical intervention. Childs, Coles and Marjoram (2009) state that the inability to communicate to others cause anxiety and fear. While Happ (2000 cited in Childs et al 2009) think that people who are unable to talk or communicate are â€Å"voiceless† and therefore it increase powerless and isolation in patients. Buckman (2000) emphasised that ‘ effective symptom management is imporsible without effective communication’. . Assessment is a process that involves collecting and organising information and acknowledged as an on-going process associated with the other nursing stages of the nursing process (Thomson and Mathias 2000). Brooker and Waugh (2007) state that decision making and judgement is usually based on information collected. The data is then used to identify the patients nursing problems on the base of need, which hopefully is brought out or recognised assessment (Thompson and Mathias 2000). Timby (2001) identifies two types of assessment a data base assessment and a focus assessment. The data assessment is the initial information about the patients physical, emotional, social and spiritual health, is lengthily and comprehensive. Database information is obtained during the admission interview and on carrying out physical examination. Field and Smith (2008) demonstrate the importance of person-centred assessment and also the need of multi-agency involvement. An observation was made that all t hese areas were met. Although each discipline had achieved assessment in a different way, they are valued for the assessment they will contribute to patient care. Brooker and Waugh (2007) feel that including integrated care pathways in patients care plan is good. This is a single document of which all the multidisciplinary team are able to record their care. To achieve good patient assessment, there is need to collect information from the past medical history and this will allow care to flow with one another. During the ward round a consultant had suggested that an indwelling catheter was to be inserted for easy flow of urine and to prevent the development of pressure sores. It was when the nurse advised that the catheterisation was to be done after all other works has been done on the ward because she had to carry out an aseptic procedure. Whilst on other placement this observation was not done instead catheterisation was carried out as a clean procedure. This prompted me to question, should all health care settings observe catheterisation as an aseptic technique procedure and when do health care staff identify the need of inserting a catheter. This issue has been brought to light by numerous guidelines and theories that have been published relating to and concerning infection control by the Department of Health. Although it is clear that Doris was vulnerable and likely to develop pressure ulcers, was it really necessary to insert a catheter? All parts of the multidisciplinary team carin g for the patients need to have an understanding of each other’s role, to achieve effective care through collaboration and decision making, but some nurses feel disempowered by more senior staff, for example; doctors; consultants, due to intimidation and hierarchy of roles and so can affect the influence nurses have on the decision making process (Coombs 2003). Nurses may come into conflict when collaboratively making decisions with the multidisciplinary team and patients as their personal and professional values may vary. A study suggests that catheter insertion has a potential off introducing micro-organisms into the bladder (Barford and Coates, 2009). In another study, Pratt et al, (2007) mentions that catheterization should be treated as a skilled aseptic procedure to be carried out by trained and qualified staff in order to reduce infection. Health associated infections are acquired while patients are receiving treatment in a care setting and can prolong hospital stay. These infections include any infection obtained as a result of healthcare whilst in hospital or other healthcare settings and can have an effect on both patients and all aspects of the multidisciplinary team, in addition teamwork means everyone has to be involved in the patient care (Nicholson et al 2010). . The Department of health (2006c) released a broad document which includes the generated acute hospital waste and the community practitioners. What is not known is whether the patient acquired the infection in hospital or not. T he patients’ age matters as infection risk increase in the elderly and young people. Patients whose nutritional status as in the case of Doris affects the ability of the body to fight infection and therefore a broad risk assessment is required (Horton and Parker 2002). Grandies et al., (2003 cited in Field and Smith2008) clarifies that in any assessment, the age, nutrition status, circulatory status, mobility, dependence level and mental awareness are to be taken into account. Patients need to be critically assessed for possibilities of developing pressure sores as the cost is huge to both the organisation looking after the patient and the patient herself. Health care staff needs to identify the existing risk factors already presenting on the patient which may lead to developing pressure sores. Iggulden et al (2009) describes pressure sores as damage to the skin and the underlying tissues caused by shearing, friction and moisture while Bick and Stephen in another study say that physical, and psychological well being including the environment is a factor causing pressure Sores. Mallet and Dougherty (2004) add on to mention that the extent of these ulcers if not properly treated may lead to damage of the involving muscles, tendons and the bone. Skin integrity is important in this situation. Due to illness arterial blood pressure may drop causing obstruction of circulation to the skin and therefore an ulcer will develop. It is clear that Doris was vulnerable and likely to develop pressure ulcers. Pressure ulcers are developed when patients sit or lie in one position for a long time. â€Å"The essence of care toolkit for clinical practice benchmarking has pressure ulcer prevention (department of health 2003). The water low score and Braden (cited in Bergstrom et al 1987) are good toolkits for assessing patients at the risk of pressure sores. However the NICE (2005) guide line instructs nurses not to rely on them alone. Doris’ water low score indicated she was at a risk of developing pressure sores. This was because her mobility and nutrition status were affected after the stroke. There is evidence in study that females are more vulnerable to pressure sores that male. This is because anatomically males are more muscular than females. It is the nurse’s responsibility to ensure patients receive optimal nutrition and good hydration while in hospital. In another study statistics show that 63 % of elderly patients with stroke develop pressure sores due to poor mobility and nutrition in the last 10 years. Doris was at higher risk to develop as she typically lost muscle and subcutaneous tissue due to poor nutrition following her difficulties to swallow, poor nutritional status also makes her more vulnerable. Ongoing assessment at this time is crucial as it will trigger on all the possible barriers of poor nutrition and hydration on patients who require help in feeding and drinking (NHS Choices2010). Nutrition and hydration are important in health but in illness there are certain considerations that have to look into because the body needs nutrients in order to recover mostly in wound healing including preventing infections (Royal collage of Nursing (RCN) 2009). The RCN (2009) clarifies that poor nutrition and hydration is a threat to patients who have suffered stroke as this may cause delayed discharge and other complications like low blood pressure and electrolyte imbalan ce which are likely to cause poor circulation and allow a patient to develop pressure sores. Nutrition and good hydration is fundamental in nursing to promote quick recovery and wound healing. However there are patient’s factor which may affect their nutrition and hydration such as stroke which possibly will reduce their independence to eat freely. According to (Green 2011) by improving patients nutrition and dehydration the patients skin and well being will be promoted and this can be achieved through delegation to healthcare assistants to help with feeding at meal times with nurses ensuring proper meals have been given to patients’ e.g. soft meal, puree, low fat or residue meal which are required for patients with dysphasia or digestive problems in line to prevent pressure sores. All patients are prone to develop pressure sores but the emphasis is on the elderly because basic factors are related to immobility, age and illness .Pressure ulcers are preventable if proper nursing measures are carried out. NICE (2001) guidelines state that all patients likely to develop pressure sores are to be on a pressure relive mattress while in hospital. Therefore a decision was made that Doris needed a pressure relief airflow mattress as her score was high. Evidence based practice is essential in nursing, it has the potential to develop and increase patient care outcomes as it will enable nurses to evaluate and deliver care according to patients needs. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) advocate that nurses should make care of people their first concern. Therefore a broad medical history taking form the patient becomes essential so that an accurate diagnosis can be made for the patient to receive optimal care and treatment (Kale 2001). Nurses have a propensity of commu nicating with patients during intimate intervention and it’s during this time that individuals are likely to speak freely which is why Doris’s mode of communication has to be identified through the speech and language team in order to support her. The need for nurses to know their patients better and understand their problems and specific needs becomes fundamental. Nurses may come into conflict when collaboratively making decisions with the multidisciplinary team and patients as their personal and professional values may vary if proper history was not taken. Lloyd and Craig (2007) suggest that although history taking is the cornerstone of assessment in patients, nurses are sometimes not at ease with taking patients history. History taking is not focused on identifying patients’ signs and symptoms of the illness but to involve the whole person in a holistic way which will help the health care staff to plan and evaluate patients’ care (Department of Health 2001). There is need for nurses to develop their history taking skills as this will allow them to acknowledge social, medical psychological and biographical domains of the patient. Fischer (1995) feels that doctors â€Å"make a history â€Å"instead of â€Å"take history† this process becomes complete when both patient and doctor are both satisfied on the causative problem. However Gask and Usher wood (2002) in the article emphasises that successful history taking is based on skilled and patient -centred communication that a therapeutic relationship will begin betw een nurse and patient. It is through this therapeutic relationship between the patient and the nurse that they will work together to make a collaborative decision and address the problem. Therefore health care staff must act as a patient advocate to protect and respect their dignity. Palliative care is in any illness which is progressive and incurable, therefore there is need for the multidisciplinary team to work together and provide a high- quality end of life stroke care. Although there is evidence that Doris is likely to develop pressure sores catheterisation could not be a solution at this point. The department of health (2003) aim to reduce the risks of health associated infection and indwelling catheters are among the common cause of invasive medical devices used in health care settings and, consequently, are a frequent cause of Health Care Associated Infections. Other than affecting patients, HCAI is also having negative burden on the National Health Service (NHS). Patients like Doris are more prone to infection due to that the body mechanism to fight infection is already compromised. Catheter acquire infection can be very distressful to patients and prolong hospital stay. The possibility of Doris going into palliative care is obvious and therefore there is need to plan for it in her care plan or discharge plan. In this reflection it is noticed on admission that Doris is alone. Loneliness has an impact on elderly people. In a campaign to end loneliness research shows that many people have no peers or friends. It is through the general practitioners and district nurses that support to these people can be offered, all decisions made in the multidisciplinary context have to involve the patients’ family (NHSQIS and the University of Glasgow 2010). All parts of the multidisciplinary team caring for the patients need to have an understanding of each other’s role, in order to make a collaborative decision. In conclusion, while reflecting and making recommendations for different ways of approach on situation in practice, holistic assessment followed by full history taking to allow care to flow should be a priority followed by improving nutrition and hydration in very ill patients. Cauterisation could be a last option in order to prevent pressure sores as there other options to do this. The risks that patients who are immune compromise may be exposed to other infections and how it can be avoided needs to be addressed and it is a constant effort, but is fundamental by all areas of the multidisciplinary team, organisations to reduce rates of infection more and to continue at a lower rate. To improve patient safety and continuum care it is necessary for health care professionals to reflect on nutrition and hydration status of the patient to promote good skin integrity and prevent pressure sores. For reflection to occur, health care professionals need to be aware of the implications that pre ssure sores can have on patients and the importance of education from policies and to comply with relevant procedures.

Comparing the Innocent Criminal in Black Boy, Uncle Toms Children, Nat

The Innocent Criminal in Black Boy, Uncle Tom's Children, Native Son, and The Outsider      Ã‚   "It is probably a mere accident that I never killed," Richard Wright commented offhandedly in an interview with Robert Moss (596).   After reading several of Wright's works, one can easily understand what Wright means by this statement.   In his books Black Boy, Uncle Tom's Children, Native Son, and The Outsider, Wright suggests that white society has transformed black people into criminals.   The source of this claim comes from Wright's personal experiences as a Negro in the Deep South.   Whether pushed to crime from necessity or for personal fulfillment and self-realization, the protagonists of Wright's works are innocent criminals; they know that the ultimate crime for which they are being punished is the crime of being black.   Circumstances created by a racist social order place the characters in intolerable positions that coerce them into villainous activities.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In his autobiographical novel, Black Boy, Wright supports this theory using himself as an example.   In the tradition of the slave autobiography, Black Boy provides details of Wright's life from early childhood to his arrival in Chicago.   As Joyce Ann Joyce says, Black Boy:      Ã‚  Ã‚   ...is a realistic and poetic account of the hunger Wright endured as a child, his  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   closeness to his mother, the effect of his mother's illness, his problems with his father, his father's desertion, the violence he experienced from his mother's relatives, his love of words and books, his discovery of racism and his developing racial consciousness, his fight against his mother's and grandmother's religion, his scanty education, ... and the development of his individuality... ...chard Wright.   New York: Harcourt, 1969.   Rpt. in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Richard Wright's Native Son: Modern Critical Interpretations.   New York: Chelsea House, 1988. Moss, Robert F.   "Caged Misery."   Saturday Review.   Jan. 21, 1978, 45-7.   Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Vol. 14.   Detroit: Gale, 1980. Skerrett, Joseph T., Jr.   "Composing Bigger: Wright and the Making of Native Son." in Richard Wright's   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Native Son:   Modern Critical Interpretations.   New York: Chelsea House, 1988. Wright, Richard.   Black Boy.   New York: Harper, 1944. _____.   "How Bigger Was Born."   Saturday Review.   June 1, 1940, n.pag.   Rpt. in Native Son.   New   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   York: Harper, 1940. _____.   Native Son.   New York: Harper, 1940. _____.   The Outsider.   New York: Harper, 1953. _____.   Uncle Tom's Children.   New York: Harper, 1936.

The Vaccine Controversy

The vaccine controversy is the dispute over the morality, ethics, effectiveness, and /or safety of vaccinations. The medical and scientific evidence is that the benefits of preventing suffering and death from infectious diseases outweigh rare adverse effects of immunization. Since vaccination began in the late 18th century, opponents have claimed that vaccines do not work, that they are or may be dangerous, that individuals should rely on personal hygiene instead, or that mandatory vaccinations violate individual rights or religious principles. And since then, successful campaigns against vaccinations have resulted in unnecessary injuries and mass death. Vaccines may cause side effects, and the success of immunization programs depend on public confidence for their safety. Concerns about immunization safety often follow a pattern: some investigators suggest that a medical condition in an adverse effect of vaccination; a premature announcement is made of the alleged side effect; the initial study is not reproduced by other groups; and finally, it takes several years to regain public confidence in the vaccine. In this paper I will be explaining several areas of the vaccine controversy: 1. The history of vaccinations and effectiveness 2. Why some parents are against immunizations 3. What are the findings Vaccination became widespread in the United Kingdom in the early 1800’s. Before that, religious arguments against inoculation (the placement of something that will grow or reproduce) were advanced. In a 1772 a sermon entitled â€Å"The Dangerous and Sinful Practice of Inoculation†, the English theologian Rev. Edmund Massey argued that diseases are sent by God to punish sin and that any attempt to prevent small pox via inoculation is a â€Å"diabolical operation†. Some anti – vaccinationists still base their stance against vaccination with reference to their religious beliefs. Public policy and successive Vaccination Acts first encouraged vaccination and then made it mandatory for all infants in 1853, with the highest penalty for refusal being a prison sentence. This was a significant change in the relationship between the British state and its citizens causing public backlash. After an 1867 law extended the requirement age to fourteen years, its opponents focused concern on infringement of individual freedom, and eventually a law in 1898 allowed for objection to vaccination. In the United States, President Thomas Jefferson took a close interest in vaccination, alongside Dr. Waterhouse, chief physician at Boston. Jefferson encouraged the development of ways to transport vaccine material through the Southern states, which included measures to avoid damage by heat, a leading cause of ineffective batches. Smallpox outbreaks were contained by a latter half of the 19th century, a development widely attributed to vaccination of a large portion of the population. Vaccinations rates after this decline in smallpox cases, and the disease again became epidemic in late 19th century. At this point in the 19th century, anti-vaccination activity increased in the U. S. Mass vaccination helped eradicate smallpox, which once killed as many as one in every seventh child in Europe. Vaccination has almost eradicated polio. As a more modest example, incidence of invasive disease with Haemophilus influenzae, a major cause of bacterial meningitis, and other serious disease in children has decreased by over 99% in the U. S. since the introduction of a vaccine in 1988. Fully vaccinating all U. S. children born in a given year from birth to adolescence saves an estimated 14 million infections. Some vaccine critics claim that there have never been any benefits to public health from vaccination. They argue that all the reduction of communicable diseases which were rampant in conditions where overcrowding, poor sanitation, almost non-existent hygiene, and a yearly period of very restricted diet existed are reduced because of changes in conditions excepting vaccination. Other critics argue that immunity given by vaccines is only temporarily and requires boosters, whereas those who survive the disease become permanently immune. Lack of complete vaccine coverage increases the risk of disease for the entire population, including those who have been vaccinated, because it reduces herd immunity. For example, measles targets children between the ages of 9 and 12 months, and the short window between the disappearance of maternal antibody (before which the vaccine often fails to seroconvert) and natural infection means that vaccinated children frequently are still vulnerable. Herd immunity lessens this vulnerability, if all the children are vaccinated. Increasing herd immunity during an outbreak or threatened outbreak is the most widely accepted justification for mass vaccination. Mass vaccination also helps to increase coverage rapidly, thus obtaining herd immunity, when a new vaccine is introduced. Commonly used vaccines are a cost – effective and preventive way of promoting good health, compared to the cost of treatment of acute or chronic diseases. In the U. S. during the year 2001, routine childhood immunizations against seven diseases were estimated to save over $40 billion per year, overall social costs including $10 billion in direct health costs, and the societal benefit – cost ratio for these vaccinations was estimated to be $16. 5 billion. In several countries reductions in the use of some vaccines was followed by increases in the diseases morbidity and morality. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, continued high levels of vaccine coverage are necessary to prevent resurgence of disease which had been eliminated. Few deny the vast improvements vaccination has made to the public health. They are more concerned with the safety of vaccines. All vaccines may cause side effects, and immunization safety is a huge concern. Controversies in this area revolve around the question of whether the risks of perceived adverse effects following immunization outweigh the benefit of preventing adverse effects of common diseases. There is scientific evidence that in rare cases immunizations can cause adverse effects, such as oral polio vaccine causing paralysis however, current scientific evidence does not support the hypothesis of causation for more common disorders such as autism. Although the hypotheses that vaccines cause autism are biologically implausible, it would be hard to study scientifically whether autism is less common in children who do not follow recommended vaccination schedules, because an experiment based on withholding vaccines from children would be unethical. Another concern of parents regarding the safety of vaccines is the thought that vaccine overload will weaken a child’s immune system and can lead to adverse side effects. Although scientific evidence does not support and even contradicts this idea, many parent especially parents of autistic children, firmly believe that vaccine overload causes autism. However, the idea of vaccine overload does not stand for several reasons. First of all, vaccines do not overwhelm the immune system. In fact, scientists believe that the immune system can respond to thousands of viruses simultaneously. Also, despite the number of increase in the number of vaccines over recent decades, improvements in vaccine design have reduced the immunologic load from vaccines, such that the number of immunological components in the fourteen vaccines administered in the U. S. to children is less than 10% of what it was in the seven vaccines given in 1980. Vaccines constitutes only a tiny fraction of the pathogens naturally encountered by a child in a typical year and common childhood conditions such as fevers and middle ear infections pose a much greater challenge to the immune system than vaccines do. Second, studies have shown that vaccinations, and even multiple concurrent vaccinations, do not weaken the immune system, or compromise overall immunity. Other safety concerns about vaccines have been published on the Internet, in informal meetings, in books, and at symposia. These include hypotheses that vaccination can cause sudden infant death syndrome, epileptic seizures, allergies, multiple sclerosis, and autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, as well as hypotheses that vaccination can transmit bovine spongiform encephalopathy, Hepatitis C, and HIV. These hypotheses have all been investigated with the conclusions that currently used vaccines meet high safety standards, and that the criticism of vaccine safety in the popular press are not justified. Finally, there is no evidence of an immune-system role in autism. The lack of evidence supporting the vaccine overload hypotheses, combined with these findings directly contradicting it, have led to the conclusion that currently recommended vaccines programs do not overload or weaken the immune systems and are a greater benefit than a risk to children. I am a mother of 2 healthy boys, as a parent I have made the choice to have my children vaccinated against all diseases except H1N1. I did not have my children vaccinated against H1N1 for personal reasons. However, from the time of both of their births they have been vaccinated with all the immunizations as directed by their doctor and I have never had any issues with their health. I am a true believer that the benefits of immunizations out weigh the risks. The research I found while writing this paper backs up and supports everything I have ever believed about immunizations since the birth of my first child fifteen years ago. I would recommend to all new parents to vaccinate their children. Of course I do understand that there are side effects of immunizations shots, the most common one I have dealt with my children is a mild fever and maybe mild bruising in the area of the injection however, I would much rather deal with a mild fever for a day than the thought of my child catching a deadly disease. References Adams, M (2003). Health Library The Immunization Controversy: Should Your Child Be Immunized? http://www.healthlibrary.epnet.com Salive, ME (1997). Healing Arts Children’s Vaccines: Research on Risks for Children from Vaccine http://www.healing-arts.org/children/vaccines Gervais, Roger (2007). Natural Life Magazine Understanding the Vaccine Controversy http://www.naturallifemagazine.com/naturalparenting/vaccines Center for Disease Control and Prevention Possible Side Effects from Vaccines http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/side-effects

Movie Analysis essays

Movie Analysis essays The film, Charlies Angels was a visually motivated movie. This film fit under the genre of action/comedy. The action and camera work moved the story forward while keeping the audience attentive. The primary characters were Dylan, a rebellious tomboy, Natalie, a ditzy encyclopedia, Alex, a no nonsense achiever and Eric Nox, a criminal mastermind. Dylan, Natalie and Alex are the main protagonists who work as detectives for a mysterious figure known as Charlie. Dylans motivation is her yearning to have a father figure, which ultimately leads her to protect her boss, Charlie. Natalie and Alexs motivations are tied to Dylans while Natalie is also searching for love and Alex is trying to open up to her boyfriend. Eric Noxs motivation is to have revenge for the death of his father. Our three heroines, Alex, Dylan and Natalie are highly trained super detectives who are hired to find a missing voice recognition computer program and the programs creator, Eric Nox. The three girls determine through some detective work that their main suspect is Noxs main competitor, Redstar Communications. The three go undercover and plant a link to Redstars main computer network. They soon discover that they have been double crossed by Eric Nox who only used the girls to gain access to Redstars communication satellites which he will use in conjunction with his voice recognition program to locate the elusive Charlie whom he blames for the death of his father. Bosley, the liaison between the girls and Charlie, is kidnapped in order to locate Charlie. The girls must now find Bosley and Eric Nox and prevent Eric from locating Charlie. The girls free Bosley but Eric Nox has already located Charlie and flies to kill him in an attack helicopter. Alex, Dylan and Natalie manage to get aboard the helicopter and reprogram the missile, which Eric Nox is planning on using to ...

buy custom Emerging Technologies essay

buy custom Emerging Technologies essay Emerging technologies refer to the advancements and innovations that are taking place around us. There are various fields where the development is undergoing. Emerging technologies are always very effective to make a productive and optimal use of our resources. Emergence of new technologies is dependent on the entrepreneurs that refer to a mind set of innovations and unique processing of things to facilitate the human with ease and to resolve their problems in more effective ways. Emerging technologies are coming from the existing technologies and from the distinct fields. Our research organizations and universities are always in a search of most feasible and optimal solutions and their experiments and theories give birth to new technologies. Emerging technologies are considered to be the critical for humanitys future. Typically, emerging technologies are offering hope for the betterment of our social conditions. There are a number of debates over the emerging technologies as these are always the affective entities for the societies. These theories are focusing on the different prospective of the impacts of the emerging technologies for the human life and may have come from the different schools of thoughts. Publications and research papers are lways very important and all the innovations and technologies based on these researches. These are produced to discuss the most appropriate ways of using the resources. Today, most popular emerging technologies are Nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive science. There are also a lot of development is undergoing in the medical science. GNR concept is also one of the most popular terms that focus on the Genetics, nanotechnology and Robotics. Nanotechnology: The study of nanotechnology refers to the study of manipulating matter on atomic and molecular scale. This is used to develop materials, devices and other structures processing on at least on dimension of size between 1 to 100 nanometers. Nanotechnology is a diverse ranging from the extensions of device physics to completely new approaches on molecular self assembly. It may include surface science, organic chemistry, semiconductor physics, molecular biology and micro fabrication etc. nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and devices with a range of applications like medicine, electronic energy production and biomaterials. Biotechnology: Biotech is a field of applied biology that may involve the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in the engineering and medicine science. Modern use of biotech includes genetic engineering as well as tissue culture technology. Cognitive science: Cognitive science is the scientific study of mind and its process. It assesses what the cognition is and how it works. It also includes research on the intelligence and behavior. The special emphases of the cognitive science are on the nervous system including human and animal. The research is done on the information processing, representation of information, memory and perception. It works in the disciplines of psychology, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, education, and anthropology. Information Technology: Information technology is the development of technology to treat the information. It includes the transmission of the data from source to destination with effectiveness and efficiency. It is concerned with the storage of vocal, pictorial, textual and numeric information by micro technology based computing and telecommunications. Buy custom Emerging Technologies essay

Proposing a Solution to a Problem-Childhood obisity Essay

Proposing a Solution to a Problem-Childhood obisity - Essay Example One major problem regarding children’s health is the huge quantity of sugary and high calorie food that is available to them at school. Vending machines are not supervised so it is hard to stop children from eating or drinking as much of these types of food or drink as they want. And since children don’t know what is best for them, this can often be a lot. A number of recent studies have shown the negative role vending machines play in children’s health. Removing them from schools is a potential solution to this unfortunate problem. Part of the reason why the issue of vending machines is on the radar these days is because obesity is becoming more and more of a problem in the United States. Obesity can lead to diseases like Type-2 Diabetes. According to Amy Virus, a registered dietitian, â€Å"[m]iddle schools students are at particular risk, because they are going through puberty, their physical activity and dietary habits are fluctuating . . .† (Colwell). It doesn’t help that there is temptation around every corner, with as many as 75 per cent of middle schools possessing vending machines which sell sugary drinks and fatty snacks. With all the emotion going on in their lives, it is not surprising that children going through puberty might reach out to enjoy some â€Å"comfort food.† Although some might call them â€Å"comfort foods,† but others might call them â€Å"competitive foods,† as the U.S. Department of Agriculture does. These are â€Å"foods offered at school other than meals served through USDA school mean programs—school breakfast, school lunch, and after-school snack programs† (Kaufman). Because the USDA is responsible to parents and taxpayers, it is careful to provide healthy options for school meals. Plus, this food is being given out by employees and teachers. If a student comes back to the cafeteria for a fourth helping of food, the staff can easily say, â€Å"You’ve

Bus Lw AM Wk 5 6 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bus Lw AM Wk 5 6 7 - Essay Example 2. The Liebeck v. McDonald’s case is a perfect illustration of the modern civil justice system which allows the individuals to rise for their rights against the autonomy of big corporate companies. In my opinion, the award of punitive damages in addition to the compensatory damages was sufficiently justified but $2.7 million is an outrageous amount of money for such case. The decision of the judge to reduce the punitive award was reasonable as this case might have led to several similar cases where a person might have caused intentional damage to himself in hopes of large reimbursement sums. 3. Privacy is a big concern for public figures, and the invasion of personal space is the violation of their rights as a human being. The law must offer more privacy to such individuals by offering strict action against paparazzi photographers and media personnel. Loss of privacy should not be considered a price of success at all. The publication of any material (photograph or written) regarding the private life of celebrities must be prohibited unless a proper consent is acquired. 1. An employee’s defamation in front of a potential employer without any issuance of privilege from the employee is the issue. There are strict laws against employers who endanger or damage their employees’ reputations by conveying false information to other potential employers or co-workers. The victimized employee can sue the employer for defamation. Since Gates was never proven guilty of theft therefore, the allegations made against him might be false. To post notices around the office, or mentioning the allegations to another company’s personnel officer, thus, would not only be unethical but also make me liable for a defamation lawsuit. 2. The legal issue is the wrongful detention for doubt of shoplifting. The existing rules establish the presence of sufficient probable cause for guard’s action. The woman was approached by the guard,